BOOKS On ISLAM

Summary of books and Table of Contents

The aim is to provide an easy reference to the future readers to get the information quickly and from multiple sources. The page is under continuous update and may look incomplete at times. Most of the books referred here are in public domain and out of copyright. Since the PDF copies have been OCRed, texts are still not 100% accurate and some words might be misspelt. The folder names and file names are reference to the future [online] repository which shall be shared with visitors in due course of time.

Sections on this page: Books on Islam | Books on American Region | Books on Women and Witchcraft | Books on Assyria and Babylonia | Battles of the World | Books on Africa | Books on Sexuality | Books on Roman History | Books on Christianity [*] The Lawes Resolutions of Women's Rights: or, The Lawes Provision for Women

The book list, size and number of pages are summarized here. You may explore it here or search/find using keywords which book is stored under which folder. If you want these 6230 books (and additional 500 e-books downloaded from Project Gutenberg website) on a micro SD-card having memory size of 128 GB, please write to me at - I will send by speed-post this to your address after a payment of INR 2,000/- across anywhere only in India. These books are categorized into 100 folders as shown below.

The Sacred Books of the East Series - IN 50 VOLUMES --- [1, 15]THE UPANISADS: in 2 vols. : F. Max Muller, [2, 14]The sacred LAWS OF THE ARYAS: in 2 vols. : Georg Buehler, [3, 16, 27, 28, 39, 40]THE SACRED BOOKS OF CHINA: in 6 vols. : James Legge, [4, 23, 31]THE ZEND-AVESTA: in 3 vols. : James Darmesteter and L. H. Mills, [5, 18, 24, 37, 47]PAHLAVI TEXTS : in 5 vols. : E. W. West, [б, 9]THE QUR’AN: in 2 vols. : E. H. Palmer, [7]THE INSTITUTES OF VISNU: Julius Jolly, [8]THE BHAGAVADGITA with the Sanatsujatiya and the Anugita : Kashinath Trimbak Telang, [10]THE DHAMMAPADA: F. Max Muller : SUTTA-NIPATA : V. Fausboll [11]BUDDHIST SUTTAS: T. W. Rhys Davids, [12, 26, 41, 43, 44]THE SATAPATHA-BRAHMANA: in 5 vols. : Julius Eggeling, [13, 17, 20]VINAYA texts: in 3 vols. : T. W. Rhys Davids and Heimann Oldenberg, [19]THE FO-SHO-HING-TSAN-KING: Samuel Beal, [21] THE SADDHARMA-PUNPARIKA or The Lotus of the True Law : H. Kern, [22, 45]JAINA SUTRAS : in a vols. : Hermann Jacobi, [23] MANU: Georg Buhler, [29, 30]THE GRIHYA-SUTRAS: in 2 vols. : Hermann Oldenberg and F. Max Mliiler, [32, 46]VEDIC HYMNS: in 2 vols. : F. Max Muller and H. Oldenberg, [33]THE MINOR LAW-BOOKS: JuHus Jolly, [34 , 38]THE VEDANTA-SUTRAS: in 3 vols. : with Sankaracarya's Commentary : G. Thibaut, [35, 36]THE QUESTIONS OF KING MILINDA: in 2 vols. : T. W. Rhys Davids, [42]HYMNS OF THE ATHARVA-VEDA: M. Bloomfield, [48]THE VEDANTA-SUTRAS with Ramgnuja’s Sribhasya: G. Thibaut, [49]BUDDHIST MAHAYANA TEXTS: B. B. Cowell, F. Max Mailer and J. Takakusu, [50]INDEX: M. Winternitz

Books on India which are out of Copyrights

[001] Watters, T. (1904) On Yuan Chwang’s Travels in India, 629–645 ad, London: Royal Asiatic Society. [002] Basham, A.L. (1954) The Wonder that was India, London: Sidgwick & Jackson. [003] Basham, A.L. (1964) Studies in Indian History and Culture, Calcutta: Sambodhi. [[04] Basham, A.L. (ed.) (1975) A Cultural History of India, Oxford: Clarendon Press. [004] Basham, A.L. (1983) ‘The Mandasor Inscription of the Silk-Weavers’, pp. 101–3, in B. Smith (ed.), Essays in Gupta Culture, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. [005] Beal, S., trans. (1884) Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, 2 vols, London: Trubner. [006] Date, G.T. (1929) The Art of War in Ancient India, Oxford: Oxford University Press [007] Dunbar, G. (1943) A History of India from the Earliest Times to the Present Day, London: Nicholson & Watson. [007] Keith, A.B. (1928) A History of Sanskrit Literature, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

English Language in 1548: If one compares the style in 1548 with that in 2023, there is only semantic similarities. Does it apply to Greek and Latin in 100 CE and Greek in twenty first century? Have they gone similar change? If not why?

BYZANTIUM AND THE ARABS IN THE SIXTH CENTURY by IRFAN SHAHID - Volume I - Part 1: Political and Military History

II. The Reign of Justin I: The Ghassanids -The Withdrawal of the Ghassanids -The Conference of Ramla -Byzantine-Lakhmid Relations -Jabala, the Ghassanid Federate King -Procopius on the Reign of Justin I. Appendices -Latin Limes, Syriac Limifon -The Pella Inscription. III The Reign of Justinian: Introduction A. The First Persian War (527-532) -The Return of the Ghassanids -The Expedition against Mungir, Winter 528 -Thanniiris, the Battle of the Ditch, Summer 528 -Mungir's Invasion of Syria Prima, March 529 -The Samaritan Revolt of 529 -The Basileia of Arethas, 529 -The Two Basileiai: Ghassanid and Byzantine -The Usays Inscription -Abu Karib -The Battle of Daras, 530 -The Battle of Callinicum, 531 -The Embassy of Julian -Byzantium and Kinda -Byzantium and Ma'add (the Maddinoi) -Saracen Pockets in the Three Palestines -Malalas on the Federate Arabs -Appendices: Justinian in Oriens -Phoenicia Libanensis: The Two Dukes -Zacharia of Mytilene on Timostratus and Jabala -Ma'add

C. The Second Persian War (540-545) I. The Strata Dispute II. The Campaigns of the War and the Prodosia Theme III. The Assyrian Campaign of 541 IV. The Campaign of 542 V. Procopius and Mungir VI. Appendix: An Arabic Ekphrasisof the Battle of Antioch, A.D . 540

D. The War of the Federates (546-561) I. Introduction II. The First Phase, 545/46-550/51 III. The Second Phase, 550/51-555/56 IV. Inter-Phylarchal Strife in Oriens: The Vita Euthymii V. The Third Phase, 556/57-561 VI. Concluding Remarks VII. Appendix: B. Rubin on the Lakhmid-Ghassanid War E. The Last Years of the Reign (561-565) I. The Peace of 561 II. Arethas in Constantinople, 563 III. The Byzantine Titles of Arethas IV. Procopius and the Arabs

V. The Reign of Tiberius: I. Sophia and Maurice II. The Persian Front, 578-580 III. The Ghassanid Crown: Constantinople in 580 IV. The Campaign of Ctesiphon, 580/81: The Antecedents V. The Course of the Campaign VI. Some Problems of the Campaign VII. Mungir's Last Victory over the Lakhmids, 581 VIII. Mungir's Generalship: An Evaluation IX. Prodosia X. The Fall of Mungir XI. The Ghassanid Revolt: Nu'man XII. The Byzantine Response to the Ghassanid Revolt XIII. An Ayyiibid Ambassador in Constantinople: 'Adi ibn-Zayd XIV. The Ghassanid Matrimony XIV. Greek Federate Epigraphy XV. The Patriciate of Mungir. Appendices: I. The Two Federate Crowns II. Noldeke on the Titles and Ranks of Mungir III. Flavius Seos, Epitropos IV. J. G. Wetzstein and R. Brunnow on al-Burj V. R. Mouterde on Nu'man VI. The στσατηλασια of Nu'man

VII: The Reign of Phocas - I. The Return of Mung.ir from Exile, 602 II. The Persian War III. The Ghassanids and Phocas IV. Appendix:Ibn Hamdis on Sicily VIII: The Reign of Heraclius I. The First Decade II. The Second Decade III. The Third Decade IV. Saracen Pockets in Palaestina Prima V. Appendix:The Saracens in the Acta of St. Anastasius. Lists and Stemmata. Maps. Index.

BYZANTIUM AND THE ARABS IN THE SIXTH CENTURY by IRFAN SHAHID - Volume I - Part 2 ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY

XII: The Reign of Justin II -A. The First Phase (565-569) I. Introduction II. Constantinople and the Monophysites III. The Patriarchate of Paul: Inter-Monophysite Dissension IV. The Ghassanids and Tritheism V· The Subscriptions of the Archimandrites of Arabia VI. The Monastery and the Church of the Arabs VII. Antiochus of Arabia VIII. Abu Karib and Theodore: Codex Syriacus DLXXXV, Theology, British Museum IX. Theodore, the Arab Bishop of the Limitrophe: ca. 540-570 B. The Second Phase (569-578) I. Introduction: The Accession of Mungir, 569 II. Mungir: gloriosus, Christophilos, patricius III. The Apostasy of Patriarch Paul, 5 71- 575 IV. The Ghassanid Episcopate V. The Schism within the Patriarchate of Antioch: Paulites versus Jacobites, 575-578 VI. Appendix:The Episcopate of the Golan

XV: The Reign of Phocas I. The Return of Mungir from Sicily II. Ghassanid Monophysitism during the Reign. XVI: The Reign of Heraclius I. Introduction II. The Arab Foederatiin a Heraclian Victory Bulletin III. The Translation of the Relics of St. Anastasius the Persian IV. The Ghassanid Defeat in Oriens, Easter Sunday, 634. XVII: The Arab Foederatiand the Christian Saints I. The Arabs and St. Sergius II. Two Arab Saints: Cosmas and Damian III. St. Simeon the Younger and St. Julian. XVIII: Arab Christianity in Sinai I. The Peninsula II. The Twin Cities: Pharan and Raithou III. The Pastoralists of Sinai: The Saracens IV. Procopius and Eutychius on Mount Sinai V. The Ghassanid Profile VI. Theodore of Pharan VII. The Image VIII. The Sinai Peninsula and Archaeology.

The Genealogical History of the Tartars, Translated from the Tartar Manuscript Written in the Mughal Language by Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur, Khan of Khowarazm CONTAINING The ANTIQUITIES of the Moguls and Tatars from Adam, according to the Account of the Mohamme dan Tatars. A curious Description of all the Tribes into which the Turkish Nation is divided: The Life of Zingiz Khan the Great, and of his Successors in the four Parts of his Empire. Together With a complete History of the Uzbek Khans of Khowarazm, and in a good measure of the Khans of Great Bukharia, from the first Conquest of those Countries under Shah Bakht Sultan in 1494. to the Death of Abu'l Ghazi Bahader Khan, the Author, in 1663.

MANUAL of ANCIENT AND MODERN HISTORY COMPRISING [I]. ANCIENT HISTORY, CONTAININQ THE POLITICAL HISTORY, GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION, AND SOCIAL STATE OF THE PRINCIPAL NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY, CAREFULLY REVISED FROM THE ANCIENT WRITERS, [II]. MODERN HISTORY, OONTAINING THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF THE PRINCIPAL EUROPEAN NATIONS, THEIR POLITICAL HISTORY, AND THE CHANGES IN THEIR SOCIAL CONDITION, WITH A HISTORY OF THE COLONIES FOUNDED BY EUROPEANS --- BY W. C. TAYLOR, LL.D., M.R.A.S.

An inquiry into the character and authorship of the Fourth Gospel: by Drummond, James, 1835-1918

Books on Islam

Islamic Chronology

Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, born in 164 AH and died in Baghdad in 241 AH. Muhammad bin Ismael Al-Bukhari was born in 194 AH and died in Samarqand in 256 AH. Muslim born in 204 AH and died in Naisabor in 161. Abu Dawood - Sulaiman bin Al-Ashath As-Sagistani - Born in 202 and died in 275 AH in Al-Basrah. At-Tirmidhi - Ahmad bin Shuaib, born in 216 and died 303. An-Nasai - Muhammad bin Isa died in 276 in Tirmidh. Ibn Majah - Muhmammad bin Yazid Al-Qazwini, born in 207 and died in 275 AH.

"THE LIFE OF MUHAMMAD" - A TRANSLATION OF ISHAQ’S SIRAT RASUL ALLAH WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES by A. GUILLAUME: Excerpts - MUHAMMAD, son of Ishaq, son of Yasar, was born in Medina about A.H. 85 and died in Baghdad in 151.

Part I - THE GENEALOGY OF MUHAMMAD; TRADITIONS FROM THE PRE-ISLAMIC ERA; MUHAMMAD'S CHILDHOOD AND EARLY MANHOOD

Part II - MUHAMMAD'S CALL AND PREACHING IN MECCA

The origins of the Islamic state, being a translation from the Arabic accompanied with annotations, geographic and historic notes of the Kitab futuh al-Buldan of al-Imam Abul ʻAbbas Ahmad ibn-Jabir al-Baladhuri by Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya, 892 - translated by Philip Khuri Hitti. Vol. 2 translated by F. C. Murgotten.

Contents

History of the Arabs from the earliest times to the present by Hitti, Philip Khuri, 1886-1978

Contents

THE LIFE AND TEACHINGS OF MOHAMMED or THE SPIRIT OF ISLAM by SYED AMEER ALI. M.A. C.I.E. BARRISTER-AT-LAW A JUDGE OF THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE IN BENGAL, W. H. ALLEN & CO. LTD, 13 WATERLOO PLACE, PUBLISHERS TO THE INDIA OFFICE 1891

Review: this book does not contain any section on Bibliography though there are inline references. The book on page-9 mentions "Polyandry was universal and its earliest indication to be found in the Rig-Veda itself". The statement "Polyandry was universal" itself tells about the intellectual capacity and scholarship of the author. The author has also given reference to Book of Manu but did not metion the chapter or paragraph of either Rig Veda or Book of Manu. In the last few pages of the book, there is a timeline of The Rashidin Caliphs, The Ommeyyade Sovereigns of Damascus, The Abbasid Caliphs of Bagdad and The Fatimide Caliphs of Egypt.

ISLAM AT WAR: A History by George F. Nafziger and Mark W. Walton

Table of Content:

1. Birth of Islam: Islamic Expansion and Muhammad as Battlefield Commander, 2. The Great Conquests, 3. Islam and the Crusades, 4. The Sword and India: The Moghul Conquest, 5. Egypt in the World of Islam, 6. The Muslim Conquest and Loss of Spain, 7. The Rise of the Ottoman Empire, 8. The Sick Man of Europe: The Balkans and the Fall of the Ottoman Empire, 9. The Sword and the Sea: Muslim Navies, Lepanto, and Malta, 10. Mullahs and Machine Guns: Colonial Wars in the Middle East, 11. Mullahs and Missiles: Islamic Wars since 1945, 12. Islam and Jihad: For It Is Ordained unto You, 13. Dying for God: The Assassins—Past and Present, 14. Conclusion.

Pg-63: The word mamluk in Arabic is the past participle of the word to "own," that is, "owned." Once in Egypt, they were sold to prominent men and trained in the use of the bow, lance, sword, and mace on horseback.

Books on American Region

The Missions And Missionaries Of California: Volume. IV.

Section I.

CHAPTER II. Governor Chico Complains to Fr. Duran. — His Hypothetical Question. — Fr. Duran's Candid Reply. — Neophytes' Right to Their Property. — Inviolable as That of Private Individuals. — Decision of Minister Espinosa. — Insolent Officials. — Chico's Spite. — "Secularizes" Santa In s and San Buenaventura. — Action of the Assembly. — Spence's Report. — First Lynching in California. — Queer Story. — Chico at Los Angeles. — Wants Fr. Duran Banished. — Santa Barbara in Revolt. — Chico Himself Exiled.— Spiteful to the Last 19 CHAPTER III. Nicolas Gutierrez Temporary Governor. — His Declaration on Divine Worship. — Fr. Duran's Brilliant Protest. — The Government as "Patron" of the Church. — "Quidquid Semel Domino Consecratum, Sanctum Sanctorum Erit Domino." — Consequences of Defrauding Divine Worship. — Revolt Against Gutierrez. — Animosity Between Californians and Mexicans. — Proclamation of Castro, Alvarado, Buelna and Jos Ant. de la Guerra. — They Declare California Independent. — They Constitute Themselves the Congress. — Jose Castro, President. — His Proclamation. — Mariano Vallejo also Proclaims. — Alvarado, Governor. 41 CHAPTER IV. Alvarado Proceeds to Force Recognition in the South. — How Received by Fr. Presidente Duran. — The Latter's Efforts in Behalf of the Indians. — Fr. Duran Saves California. — Alvarado's Scheme. — The New Assembly at Santa Barbara. — An Emissary Goes to Mexico. — Fr. Garcia Diego Reports to the Government. — His Recommendations. — Carlos Carrillo Appointed Governor. — Installed at Los Angeles. — Alvarado Refuses to Surrender the Office. — "Battle" at San Buenaventura. — Alvarado Appointed. — Attitude of the Friars. — Vallejo Congratulated 60 CHAPTER V. Changes Among the Friars in Mexico and California. — Fr. Duran Takes the Oath of Allegiance.— Hittell's Silly Tirade. — The Missionaries and Their Wards. — Fr. Garcia Diego's First Memorial. — What Became of the Custom Revenues? — His Second Memorial. — Spiritual and Temporal Success of the Missions down to 1832. — Number of Missionaries. — Recommends Appointment of a Bishop. — The Government Ac- cedes to the Proposition. — Diocese of Both Californias Created. — The Last Two Missions Confiscated. — How the Missions Were Mulcted. — Vallejo in Debt to a Mission. — Paisano Chiefs Offended. — Vallejo's Overbearing Manners 78 CHAPTER VI. Fr. Duran's Exposition of Mission Affairs. — Shameless Treatment of Aged Missionaries. — Insolence of the Administrators. — Mexican Name Detested. — Recommendations. — Sad Results of French "Philosophy." — Deluded Pagans. — Figueroa Compelled to Issue Confiscation Decree. — The Neophytes Under Administrators. — Californians Worse than Moors and Turks. — Situation in General. — The Americans. — Friars Want to Leave. — Conditions Intolerable. — Fr. Duran to Fr. Rubio. 98 CHAPTER VII. Fr. Duran Indignant. — Regret of the Friars. — No More Conversions. — Fathers Duran and Ri bio. — The Latter Made Vicirio Forineo. — Matters Political. — New Legislature. — Vallejo and Alvarado Disagree. — Booty Divided.— A Supreme Court— Alvarado and Isaac Graham. — Statistics. — The Missions Under the Administrators. — Bancroft's Description. — How the Plunder Was Accomplished. — Revenues from the Custom-house. — No Relief for the Neophytes 118 CHAPTER VIII Mariano Vallejo Keeps the Indians in Bondage. — Manuel Torres's Description. — Vallejo Reverses Himself. — The Mission System and His System. — Illegal Disposal of Mission Cattle. — The Administrators and the Missionaries. — Chief Sufferers. — Bancroft's Senseless Animosity. — Alvarado's Reglamento. — Shifting the Blame.— Inspector W. Hartnell.— What He Discovered at the Various Missions. — Difficulty of Making Re- forms. — At Santa Barbara. — Missions to the North. — Mission San Jose under Jose Vallejo. — Dolores, San Rafael, Solano 136 CHAPTER IX. Inspector Hartnell. — Cruelties to Indians. — Marked Change at Santa Barbara under Fr. Duran.— The Fr. Prefecto Discouraged. — Wants to Leave the Territory. — Insolence of Pio Pico. — San Gabriel under Juan Bandini. — Parasite Paisano Families. — Fr. Est nlga's Lament. — Fr. Duran's Indignation. — Demands His Passport. — Alvarado Submits a New Reglamento. — Opinion of Fr. Gonzilez Rubio. — Fr. Duron's Views. — Various Letters on the Subject. — Opposed to Fixed Revenues for the Missionaries 156 CHAPTER X. New Reglamento. — Fr. Duran to Alvarado. — Fr. Duran's Circular. — Poor to the Last — Hartnell's Difficulties. — Vallejo's Audacity. — Fr. Duran Indignant. — Poor Fr. Ibirra. — Pico's Misrule at San Luis Rey. — Situation in the South. — Pico Refuses to Surrender. — Indian Emancipation. — Hartnell Resigns.— Situation at San Luis Obispo. — San Juan Capistrano. — Glorious Results of "Secularization." — Bishop Proposed for California. — Pious Fund to Be Surrendered to the Bishop. — Fr. Diego's "Informe" to the Metropolitan Chapter. — Conditions in California. — Candidates Proposed. — Mexican Ambassador Petitions the Pope to Erect the Diocese and to Appoint a Bishop. — The Promise of Support. 175

Section II.

Section III.

The Death and Resurrection of the Beloved Son by Jon D. Levenson: The near-sacrifice and miraculous restoration of a beloved son is a central but largely overlooked theme in both Judaism and Christianity, celebrated in biblical texts on Isaac, Ishmael, Jacob, Joseph, and Jesus. In this highly original book, Jon D. Levenson explores how this notion of child sacrifice constitutes an overlooked bond between the two religions. Levenson argues that although the practice of child sacrifice was eradicated during the late seventh and sixth centuries B.C.E, the idea of sacrificing the first-born son (or the late-born son whose preferential treatment promotes him to that exalted rank) remained potent in religious literature. Analyzing texts from the ancient Near East, the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament, and rabbinic literature, Levenson shows how tales of the son handed over to death by his loving father in the Hebrew Bible influenced the Church's identification of Jesus as sacrificial victim. According to Levenson, the transformation of the idea of child sacrifice was central to the accounts given by the people Israel and the early Church of their respective origins, and it also underlay the theologies of chosenness embraced, in their differing ways, by the two religions. Furthermore, the longstanding claim of the Church that it supersedes the Jews, says Levenson, both continues and transforms elements of the old narrative pattern in which a late-born son dislodges his first-born brothers. Levenson's book, which offers novel interpretations of several areas crucial to biblical studies, will be essential reading for scholars in the field.

Exodus 1-18 by William H.C. Propp --- "Exodus is the heart of the Hebrew Bible, the defining moment in Israel’s birth as a people, the dramatic triumph of their God. Yahweh, Pharaoh, Moses, Aaron, the Hebrew slaves, the plagues, the parting of the Red Sea—these larger-than-life characters and epoch-making events capture the imagination of everyone from biblical scholars to moviemakers. However, the meaning and significance, the beauty and nuance, of this captivating biblical book are lost unless we have a world-class Scripture scholar to open our eyes to its riches. In Exodus 1–18, William H. C. Propp translates the original text in all its grandeur, then provides a masterful exploration and analysis of the book’s first eighteen chapters. Here the fate of the Hebrew slaves hangs in the balance of the dramatic conflict between the God of Israel and the Pharaoh of Egypt. From the discovery of Moses in a basket made of bulrushes to the story of the Burning Bush, from the ten plagues visited upon Egypt by God to water from the rock and quail and manna from the skies, Exodus is filled with the miraculous and the dramatic."

Project Guttenberg Collection

1. Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan (Second Century BCE-Twentieth Century CE) by Bin Yang --- Yang distinguishes himself with a global perspective on a Chinese frontier with a long term approach. The book examines the transformation of Yunnan, an ethnic and frontier province sandwiched by Tibet, mainland Southeast Asia, and southwest China, from a non Chinese culture into part of China during a period of over 2,000 years. Unlike existing scholarship which only emphasizes Chinese imperial efforts, the book has fit Yunnan in a broad world that was participated in by Southeast Asia, Tibet, the Indian Ocean, the modern European World-system, and East Asia, and demonstrated that both local, Chinese, and international forces interplayed in this long-term transformation.
2. Societies, Religion, and History: Central East Tanzanians and the World They Created, c. 200 BCE to 1800 CE by Rhonda M. Gonzales --- Gonzales uses historical linguistics to build the framework upon which she interweaves the findings of cutting edge-archaeologists as well as documented ethnographic sources taken since the late 19th century among such people as the Kaguru, Zaramo, and Gogo. Because the Swahili Coast is such a well-known region, this book is important in its own right, but it also is a part of an emerging body of new perspectives on the history of a large region of Africa that has been of worldwide significance since the early first millennium CE.
3. Connecting Histories in Afghanistan: Market Relations and State Formation on a Colonial Frontier by Shah Mahmoud Hanifi: Hanifi focuses on trade, literacy, and state building in locating para-colonial Afghanistan in the contexts of imperial and capitalist histories. Connecting Histories is the first monograph-length treatment of the economy and society of nineteenth-century Afghanistan and the first sustained consideration of British Indian colonialism's formative impact on the country. The monograph engages a number of issues of comparative appeal, including the power of printed texts and the expansion of the bureaucratic infrastructure in Afghanistan, state-sponsored industrialization and commodity monopolization, and the important roles of minority and indigenous nomadic communities in a multi-ethnic state. In detailing the political economy of this trans-national frontier zone, Hanifi draws on an impressive blend of archival, narrative, and oral historical sources.
4. Belongings: Property, Family, and Identity in Colonial South Africa by Laura J. Mitchell: Based on a decade of research, Belongings describes the contours of conflict among Dutch East India Company officials, settlers, indigenous Khoisan, and Indian-Ocean slaves. It intricately details the ways in which settlers themselves-rather than Company policy or an imperial army-brought a distant frontier first into a colonial orbit, then gradually under colonial control.
5. Sensual Encounters: Monastic Women and Spirituality in Medieval Germany by Erika Lauren Lindgren: Lindgren compares "Sister-Books," the literature written in the female Dominican monasteries, with the material culture of the women's surroundings. She examines the ways in which spirituality becomes culturally constructed and the roles of physicality in religious behavior. She develops a holistic view of the intersection between materiality and spirituality in female monasteries.
6. Pursuit of an 'Unparalleled Opportunity': The American YMCA and Prisoner of War Diplomacy among the Central Power Nations during World War I, 1914-1923 by Kenneth Steuer: Comprehensively researched, this analysis sheds fresh light on both the general subject of WWI prisoners of war, and the role of one of the world's first NGOs, the YMCA. The author is particularly successful in demonstrating the Y's role in the increasingly chaotic conditions of East Europe, and merits credit as well for his insight into the synergy of Christian witness and secular tough-mindedness that informed the best of the Y's people.
7. Arms and the Woman: Just Warriors and Greek Feminist Identity by Margaret Poulos: Poulos explores the intersections of militarism, nationalism, and feminism, during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. She argues that the essentially ambiguous nationalist imagery of a woman warrior has not been entirely efficient in the women's emancipation agenda. The result is "an ambitious, interesting, and successful dissertation."
8. From Heads of Household to Heads of State: The Preaccession Households of Mary and Elizabeth Tudor, 1516–1558 by J. L. McIntosh: This study seeks to answer the question: if Tudor England was a patriarchal society, then how did two women—Mary and Elizabeth Tudor—consecutively succeed to the throne? In From Heads of Household to Heads of State: The Preaccession Households of Mary and Elizabeth Tudor, 1516–1558, J. L. McIntosh argues that Mary and Elizabeth established themselves as credible authority figures before their accessions by heading their own independent households.
9. Miss Yourlovin: GIs, Gender, and Domesticity during World War II by Ann Elizabeth Pfau: What do shared beliefs about and behavior toward women tell us about the generation of men who served in the U.S. Army during World War II? This question drives Ann Pfau’s study of wartime gender roles. Focusing on five categories of real and imaginary women, Pfau uncovers conflicts of obligation and desire. These conflicts, although seldom directly articulated, were never far from the surface of soldiers' thoughts and beliefs about women, family, and home. By looking beneath the surface, we gain a deeper understanding of the nature of wartime military service and of the domestic yearning that sparked the postwar marriage and baby booms.
10. "Trivial Complaints:" The Role of Privacy in Domestic Violence Law and Activism in the U.S. by Kirsten S. Rambo: In "Trivial Complaints:" The Role of Privacy in Domestic Violence Law and Activism in the U.S., Kirsten S. Rambo examines the history of domestic violence law and activism in the U.S., particularly as this history has been affected by privacy. Legal and cultural concepts of privacy have historically influenced the ways in which this society has understood domestic violence. Rambo explores the relationship between privacy and domestic violence through an analysis of domestic violence litigation that is historically situated.
11. Architecture and Memory: The Renaissance Studioli of Federico da Montefeltro by Robert Kirkbride: The studioli of the ducal palaces at Urbino and Gubbio, Italy, demonstrate architecture's capacity to transact between the mental and physical realms of human experience. In Architecture and Memory: The Renaissance Studioli of Federico da Montefeltro, Robert Kirkbride investigates the position of the studioli in the Western tradition of the memory arts, an approach not previously considered. Drawing on the densely layered imagery in the studioli and text sources readily available to the Urbino court, he examines how architecture equipped the late quattrocento mind with a bridge between the mathematical arts, which lend themselves to mechanical pursuits, and the art of rhetoric, a discipline central to memory and eloquence.
12. Caught in the Crossfire: Adrian Scott and the Politics of Americanism in 1940s Hollywood by Jennifer E. Langdon --- In the summer of 1947, Crossfire, a controversial thriller exposing American anti-Semitism, became a critical and box-office hit, and RKO producer Adrian Scott was at the pinnacle of his career. Within several months, however, he was infamous as a member of the Hollywood Ten, blacklisted for his refusal to cooperate with the House Un-American Activities Committee. In Caught in the Crossfire: Adrian Scott and the Politics of Americanism in 1940s Hollywood, Jennifer E. Langdon reconstructs the production and reception of Scott's major films to explore the political and creative challenges faced by Hollywood radicals in the studio system and to reassess the relationship between film noir, antifascism and anticommunism, and the politics of Americanism.
13. Pestilence and Headcolds: Encountering Illness in Colonial Mexico by Sherry Fields --- In Pestilence and Headcolds: Encountering Illness in Colonial Mexico, Sherry Fields explores the cultures of health and illness in colonial Mexico as illuminated by popular beliefs and practices following the encounter of indigenous and European medical traditions. Her use of ex-votos as sources is especially interesting.
14. Trafficking Materials and Gendered Experimental Practices: Radium Research in Early 20th Century Vienna --- by Maria Rentetzi Trafficking Materials and Gendered Experimental Practices: Radium Research in Early 20th Century Vienna is "a complex, creative, and fascinating study" of women in Vienna working as independent researchers. She includes documentary research, material culture and built environment analysis, and oral histories to examine the culture of women in the unique positions of radioactivity researchers during the early twentieth century.
15. "Make It Yourself": Home Sewing, Gender, and Culture, 1890–1930 by Sarah A. Gordon --- In "Make It Yourself": Home Sewing, Gender, and Culture, 1890–1930, Sarah A. Gordon uses home sewing to examine domestic labor, marketing practices, changing standards of femininity, and understandings of class, gender and race. As industrialization made ready-made garments increasingly available, many women, out of necessity or choice, continued to make their own clothing. In doing so, women used a customary female skill both as a means of supporting traditional ideas and as a tool of personal agency. The shifting meanings of sewing became a contested space where businesses promoted sewing machines as tools for maintaining domestic harmony; women interpreted patterns to suit—or flout—definitions of appropriate appearances; and girls were taught to sew in ways that reflected beliefs about class, race, and region. Gordon uses established as well as more unusual source materials, including dresses, sewing workbooks and paper dolls, to argue that home sewing is a unique vehicle for understanding larger changes in American culture.
16. Manhood in the Age of Aquarius: Masculinity in Two Countercultural Communities, 1965-83 by Timothy Hodgdon --- This is a study "full of rich interpretation" that explores the diverse forms of masculinity found in counter cultural radicalism. Hodgdon argues that conceptions of masculinity developed along two main lines: anarchism and mysticism. These are explored by examining the communities of the Diggers of San Francisco, and The Farm in Tennessee.
17. How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century by Tonio Andrade --- The incorporation of Taiwan into the early modern European colonial trading networks, and its subsequent incorporation into the Chinese empire, are topics almost completely unexplored in Western language scholarship. This superb monograph not only opens them up but does so in an exciting way by exploring the complex interactions between the European trade diasporas and existing patterns of Asian migration and trade. The author is well acquainted with recent and current debates on the critical transformation taking place in the global economy during the late 16th and 17th centuries, and imaginatively covers a broad range of issues. He argues convincingly, and in wonderfully rich detail, that it was Dutch protection that made possible the slow Chinese colonization of Taiwan-and ultimately its incorporation into China. Andrade brilliantly reminds us of how important the brief episode of European occupation was to the future development of Taiwan, including the birth of its sugar industry.
18. Advocating The Man: Masculinity, Organized Labor and the Market Revolution in New York, 1800-1840 by Joshua R. Greenberg --- In his "thorough, and imaginative exploration" of the relationship between masculinity and the young labor movement in the Jacksonian era, Greenberg examines diverse sources, such as plays, debates about birth control and comic valentines. He argues that domestic issues and concerns guided workplace and political reactions to the new industrial economy.
19. The Creation of Color in Eighteenth-Century Europe by Sarah Lowengard --- Seldom does any monograph attempt to be comparative, in this case to cross the Channel and to say new and interesting things about the scientific culture found in both England and France. By using color, as a practice as well as a branch of optical theory, the author manages to weave material culture along with abstract science—again an integration seldom found in a first work.

Buddhist Texts and Books

"The Wheel of the Law" --- Buddhism, illustrated from Siamese sources by the Modern Buddhist, a Life of Buddha, and an account of the Phrabat (SIAMESE FOOTPRINT OF BUDDHA) by Alabaster, Henry - 1884. "Life of Buddha" translated "from a popular Siamese work, Pathomma somphothiyan": Preface - "All Buddhists, throughout the wide range of countries where the doctrines of Buddha prevail, call their religion the doctrine of “The Wheel of the Law.", Pg-xxix: "We do not find an Athanasian Creed; for so far as this book enlightens us, we find that the Buddhist speaks of heaven rather than of hell, and never thinks of such uncharity as to damn everlastingly those who differ with him.", "We find Brahminical superstitions, a continual reference to Brahmin soothsayers and the Vedas, and an adherence to Brahminical rites in all matters pertaining to royal ceremonials. Those who know that by the Brahmins the Buddhists were extirpated from Central India, the birthplace of their religion, must wonder to see Brahmins and Buddhists pictured side by side in harmony."

Pg-16: After the religion of Buddha had spread abroad, a certain king, desiring to know the truth as to cosmogony, inquired of the monks, and they, knowing the omnisctence of Buddha, and yet fearing that if they said Buddha never taught this, people would say ‘your Lord is ignorant, and admired without reason, took the ancient Vedas, and various expressions in the Sutras and parables, and fables, and proverbs, and connecting them together into a book, the ‘Traiphoom, produced it as the teaching of Buddha. The people of those days were uneducated and foolish, and believed that Buddha had really taught it; and if any doubted, they kept their doubts to themselves, because they could not prove anything.

Pg-216: Wipassana, a Pali word, I suppose to be derived from the Sanscrit Pragna, (prachh, “to ask”), “a question.” Pg-251: Fah Hian mentions two footprints in Ceylon. "Buddha, by his spiritual power, planted one foot to the north of the royal city, and one on the top of a mountain; the distance between the two being fifteen yojanas (say a hundred miles).”

The Life Or Legend Of Gaudama: the Buddha of the Burmese by Bigandet, Paul Ambrose, d. 1894

Catalogue of Sanskrit and Pali Books in the British Museum. Trubner and Co. London. by Haas, Ernst (1876)

A CATENA OF BUDDHIST SCRIPTURES from the Chinese by Samuel Beal: Excerpts --- "It is well known that in many of the larger monasteries of that country there are to be found not only complete editions of the Buddhist Scriptures in the vernacular, but also Sanscrit originals, from which the Chinese version was made.", Pg-1: "Buddhist books began to be translated into Chinese so early as the middle portion of the first century A.D.", "...a careful study of the Chinese version of the Buddhist Scriptures may render to the cause of literature generally, but especially towards a critical acquaintance with the original Sanscrit text of the Tripitaka.", "the Avatamsaka Sutra, written, as it is said, by Nagardjuna, and which, under the name of the "Fa yan King" is one of the commonest and most widely circulated Sutras in China.", "The ideas found in the Inferno of Dante are many of them purely Buddhist. The conceit of the early painters who surrounded their saints with a glory of light is borrowed from the East."

pg-22: In reference to Sanscrit letters. These letters are like the old seal characters amongst us. They have remained the same from the creation of the world, unchanged through successive myriads of years. In this respect they differ from any letters we possess, for both the seal and the square characters with us have undergone numerous changes. The Sanscrit letters were originally imparted to men by Brahma (Fan tien), hence the books are called Brahma Books. For this reason all the Buddhas in delivering the Law have used Sanscrit words. The sound Om pronounced during worship is an acceptable offering to all the Buddhas.

Pg-40: “King Frasenajit asked Buddha if every Brahman, Tchatriya, Yaisya, and Sudra on returning to life would be born in his own caste.” To which Buddha replied; “It is possible it may be so, but the matter stands thus — there are four distinct classifications of men... According to the Agama Sutras, Buddha declared that there were eight causes and occasions of earthquakes.

Pg-372: It will be remembered that the earliest idea of the Universe, which seems to have prevailed (if we may judge from the architecture of the Stupas), down to about the period of Kanishka, was, that it consisted of a central mountain, Meru, around which were the seas and continents and girdles of rocks, and above, the abode of Indra and the thirty-three gods (symbolising, as it seems, the year, the four quarters, and the twenty-eight days of the month).

Chinese Buddhism by REV. JOSEPH EDKINS, D.D. --- Like most of the book written by Christian pastors, this book has used subtle means to demean idolatry and project Christian superiority. E.g. in the preface itself - page viii: 'Yet Buddhism is powerful in China by its doctrines. It has made the Chinese idolaters, and besides this it has taught them the wind and water superstition which has proved to be an effective barrier against civilised improvements and a most thorough hindrance to true enlightenment." On page xi: "Science and philosophy on arriving in India originated science and philosophy in that country under new forms. Buddhism forsook the Veda religion so far as to omit all mention of the gods Varuna, Agni, and the Maruts. Buddha did not cite the Vedas as authorities." Another very typical example of how Chisrist colonizer tries to demean Hindus, pg-xiii: "Hindu sculpture is based on that of Greece. Hindoo arithmetic is Babylonian in origin. Babylonian thought was adopted by the Hindoos, because it was more refined and profound than their own." They Christian cannot rely on the language of OT and need to show Greek better as it is language of NT. However, one good thing is that we can use this book to still show the arguments to be more assertive in favour of hinduism as an enemy will never try to write good thing about its opponent.

The book is more to interject Western Christist thought than actually describe the topic of the book. E.g. on page --- "When the Buddhists began to teach races to whom the subtle Hindoo metaphysics were a riddle beyond their comprehension, they taught, for the Nirvana, a Western Heaven ruled by a newly-invented Buddha, and additional to the paradises of the Devas." Another geom coming from the cult who prosecuted astronomers for heliocentrix model of universe, page xxiii: "Christianity fosters mental growth, and the science of the West is eminently stimulating to thought. The descendants of the men whose mariners sailed with the compass seven hundred years ago..." From the reference nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/compass --- "Chinese scientists may have developed navigational compasses as early as the 11th or 12th century. Western Europeans soon followed at the end of the 12th century."

Books on Women Rights and Witchraft

Primary Sources

• Abbot, George, The reasons vvhich Doctour Hill hath brought, for the vpholding of papistry, which is falselie termed the Catholike religion: vnmasked and shewed to be very weake, and vpon examination most insufficient for that purpose ... The first part (Oxford: Ioseph Barnes, 1604)
• Adams, Thomas, The blacke devil or the apostate Together with the wolfe worrying the lambes. And the spiritual navigator, bound for the Holy Land. In three sermons ([London]: William Iaggard, 1615) Adams, Thomas, Diseases of the soule a discourse diuine, morall, and physicall. By Tho. Adams (London: George Purslowe for Iohn Budge, 1616)
• Adams, Thomas, The happines of the church, or, A description of those spirituall prerogatiues vvherewith Christ hath endowed her considered in some contemplations vpon part of the 12. chapter of the Hebrewes : together with certain other meditations and discourses vpon other portions of Holy Scriptures, the titles wherof immediately precede the booke : being the summe of diuerse sermons preached in S. Gregories London (London: G.P. for Iohn Grismand, 1619)
• Adams, Thomas, Mystical Bedlam, or the World of Mad-Men [Two sermons.] (London: Purslowe for C. Knight, 1615)
• Ady, Thomas, A perfect discovery of Witches. Shewing the divine cause of the distractions of this Kingdome, and also of the Christian world (London: For R. I. to bee sold by H. Brome, 1661)
• Ady, Thomas, A Candle in the Dark; or, a treatise concerning the nature of witches & witchcraft. Being advice to Judges, Sheriffes, etc (London: For R. I. to be sold by Tho. Newberry, 1656)
• Almond, Philip C., Demonic Possession and Exorcism in Early Modern England: Contemporary Texts and their Cultural Contexts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004)
• Anon., The disclosing of a late counterfeyted possession by the deuyl in two maydens within the citie of London (London: Richard Watkins, 1574)
• Anon, Most fearefull and strange nevves from the bishoppricke of Dvrham being a true relation of one Margret Hooper of Edenbyres neere the river Darwent in the said bishoppricke : who was most fearfully possessed and tormented with the devill as also in what ugley shape he first appeared unto her how lamentabley she was handled with this evill spirit and at last how wonderfully the Lord delivered her : affirmed by these cridible witnesses there present November the fifteenth 1641, Stephen Hooper, Iohn Hooper, Iohn Gley, Alexander Eglestone, Anthony Westgarth, Alice Egleston and divers others (London: for John Thomas, 1641)
• Anon., The most strange and admirable discouerie of the three witches of Warboys arraigned, conuicted and executed at the last Assises at Huntington, for the bewitching of the fiue daughters of Robert Throckmorton Esquier, and diuers other persons, with sundrie diuelish and grieuous torments. ; And also for the bewitching to death of the Lady Crumwell, the like hath not bene heard of in this age (London: for Thomas Man and Iohn Winnington, 1593)
• Anon, The triall of Maist. Dorrell, or A collection of defences against allegations not yet suffered to receiue convenient answere Tending to cleare him from the imputation of teaching Sommers and others to counterfeit possession of divells. That the mist of pretended counterfetting being dispelled, the glory of Christ his royall power in casting out divels (at the prayer and fasting of his people) may evidently appeare (Middelburg: R. Schilders, 1599)
• Anon, A true and most Dreadfull discourse of a woman possessed with the Deuill: who in the likenesses of headless Beare fetched her out of her Bedd, and in the presence of seuen persons, most straungely roulled her thorow three Chambers, and doune a high paire of staiers, on the fower and twentie of May last. 1584. At Ditchet in Somersetshire. A matter as miraculous as euer was seen in our time (London: [J. Kingston] for Thomas Nelson, 1584)
• Attersoll, William, The badges of Christianity. Or, A treatise of the sacraments fully declared out of the word of God Wherein the truth it selfe is proued, the doctrine of the reformed churches maintained, and the errors of the churches of Rome are euidently conuinced: by pervsing wherof the discreet reader may easily perceiue, the weak and vnstable grounds of the Roman religion, and the iust causes of our lawfull separation. Diuided into three bookes: 1. Of the sacraments in generall. 2. Of Baptisme. 3. Of the Lords Supper. Hereunto is annexed a corollarie or necessary aduertisement, shewing the intention of this present worke, opening the differences among vs about the question of the supper, discouering the idolatry and diuisions of the popish clergy ([London]: W. Iaggard, 1606)
• Baddeley, Richard, The Boy of Bilson; or a true discovery of the late notorious impostures of certaine Romish Priests in their pretended Exorcisme or expulsion of the Diuell out of a young boy, named W. Perry ... of Bilson .... Hereunto is premitted a briefe Theologicall Discourse, by way of Caution, for the more easie discerning of such Romish spirits, etc (London: F. K. for W. Barret, 1622)
• Bancroft, Richard, Daungerous positions and proceedings, published and practised within this iland of Brytaine, under pretence of reformation, and for the presbiteriall discipline (London: Iohn Wolfe, 1593)
• Barrow, John, The Lord’s Arm stretched out in an answer of prayer: or, a True relation of the wonderful deliverance of James Barrow, who was possessed with evil spirits near two years (London: John Barrow, 1664)
• Cooper, Thomas, The mystery of witch-craft Discouering, the truth, nature, occasions, growth and power thereof. Together with the detection and punishment of the same. As also, the seuerall stratagems of Sathan, ensnaring the poore soule by this desperate practize of annoying the bodie: with the seuerall vses therof to the Church of Christ. Very necessary for the redeeming of these atheisticall and secure times (London: Nicholas Okes, 1617)
• Cooper, Thomas, Sathan transformed into an angell of light expressing his dangerous impostures vnder glorious shewes. Emplified [sic] specially in the doctrine of witchcraft, and such sleights of Satan, as are incident thereunto. Very necessary to discerne the speciplague raging in these dayes, and so to hide our selues from the snare thereof (London: Barnard Alsop, 1622)
• Cotta, John, The triall of vvitch-craft shewing the true and right methode of the discouery: with a confutation of erroneous wayes (London: George Purslowe for Samuel Rand, 1616)
• Cotta, John, The infallible true and assured vvitch: or, The second edition, of The tryall of witch-craft Shewing the right and true methode of the discouerie: with a confutation of erroneous vvayes, carefully reuiewed and more fully cleared and augmented. By Iohn Cotta, Doctor in Physicke (London: I[ohn] L[egat] for Richard Higgenbotham, 1624)
• Fairfax, Edward (introduction and notes by W. Grainger) A Discourse of witchcraft as it was acted in the family of Mr. Edward Fairfax (Harrogate: R. Ackrill, 1882, facsimile edition, London: Frederick Muller, 1971
• Gifford, George, A Dialogue concerning Witches and Whitchcraftes. In which is laide open how craftely the Diuell deceiueth not onely the Witches but many other and so leadeth them into many great errours (London: Iohn Windet for Tobie Cooke and Mihil Hart, 1593)
• Gifford, George, A discourse of the subtill practises of Devilles by Witches and Sorcerers. By which men are and haue bin greatly deluded: the antiquitie of them: their diuers sorts and names. With an aunswer vnto diuers friuolous reasons which some doe make to prooue that the deuils did not make those aperations in any bodily shape (London: [By T. Orwin] for Toby Cooke, 1587)
• Gilpin, Richard, Dæmonologia Sacra; or, a treatise of Satans temptations (London: J.D. for Richard Randal and Peter Maplasden, 1677)
• Hartwel, Abraham, A True Discourse, vpon the matter of Martha Brossier of Romorantin, pretended to be possessed by a Deuill (London: Iohn Wolfe, 1599)
• Holland, Henry, A treatise against vvitchcraft: or A dialogue, wherein the greatest doubts concerning that sinne, are briefly answered a Sathanicall operation in the witchcraft of all times is truly prooued: the moste precious preseruatiues against such euils are shewed: very needful to be knowen of all men, but chiefly of the masters and fathers of families, that they may learn the best meanes to purge their houses of all vnclean spirits, and wisely to auoide the dreadfull impieties and greate daungers which come by such abhominations. Hereunto is also added a short discourse, containing the most certen meanes ordained of God, to discouer, expell, and to confound all the Sathanicall inuentions of witchcraft and sorcerie (Cambridge: Iohn Legatt, printer to the Vniuersitie of Cambridge, 1590)
• Hutchinson, Francis, An historical essay concerning Witchcraft, with observations upon matters of fact, tending to clear the texts of the Sacred Scriptures, and confute the vulgar Errors about that Point. And also Two Sermons: One in Proof of the Christian Religion; The other concerning the Good and Evil Angels (London: for R. Knaplock, 1718)
• James I, Daemonologie in forme of a dialogue, diuided into three bookes (Edinburgh: Robert Walde-graue, 1597)
• Jollie, Thomas, The Surey Demoniack: or, an Account of Satan’s strange and dreadful Actings in and about the Body of R. D., of Surey, near Whalley in Lancashire, etc. [By Thomas Jollie. Enlarged by John Carringtons.] (London: for John Robinson, 1697)
• Kors, Alan C. and Edward Peters (eds.), Witchcraft in Europe, 1100-1700: a documentary history (London: Dent, 1973)
• Matthieu, Pierre, The heroyk life and deplorable death of the most Christian King Henry the fourth Addressed to his immortall memory; by P: Mathieu, counceller and historiographer of France. Translated by Ed: Grimeston, Esquire (London: Printed by George Eld, 1612)
• Scot, Reginald, The discouerie of witchcraft vvherein the lewde dealing of witches and witchmongers is notablie detected, the knauerie of coniurors, the impietie of inchantors, the follie of soothsaiers, the impudent falshood of cousenors, the infidelitie of atheists, the pestilent practises of pythonists, the curiositie of figurecasters, the vanitie of dreamers, the beggerlie art of alcumystrie, the abhomination of idolatrie, the horrible art of poisoning, the vertue and power of naturall magike, and all the conueiances of legierdemaine and iuggling are deciphered: and many other things opened, which have long lien hidden, howbeit verie necessarie to be knowne. Heerevnto is added a treatise vpon the nature and substance of spirits and diuels, &c: all latelie written by Reginald Scot Esquire (London: [Henry Denham for] W. Brome, 1584)
• Watson, Thomas, The Christian's charter shewing the priviledges of a believer (London: T.R. & E.M. for Ralph Smith, 1654)

The Lawes Resolutions of Womens Rights: or, The Lawes Provision for Women --- A methodicall collection of such statutes and customes, with the cases, opinions, arguments and points of learning in the lavv, as doe properly concerne women. Together with a compendious table, whereby the chiefe matters in this booke contained, may be more readily found. The PDF version of this book can be found here. From library.law.yale.edu/news/taussig-collection-womens-rights: "One of the Library’s notable Taussig acquisitions is the first work devoted to the laws and rights of women in English law, and the only edition of that work. Published anonymously in 1632, The Lawes Resolutions of Womens Rights, or, The Lawes Provision for Woemen has sometimes — though inconclusively — been attributed to Sir John Doddridge (1555-1628), the Renaissance jurist, antiquarian and Justice of the King’s Bench. The editor of the work, signed as T.E. and sometimes associated with a “Thomas Edgar,” pleads ignorance about the identity of the original compiler, but notes that he has added cases and corrected mistakes. The role of T.E. in organizing the work may have been substantial, yet its genesis remains something of a puzzle."

Excerpts from lawbookexchange.com/pages/books/41383: The first work devoted exclusively to women's law, this incomparable digest of laws is also known as The Womens Lawyer. An anonymous work, its preface is signed T.E. Often attributed to Thomas Edgar [fl. 1615-1649], some believe the author was actually Sir John Doderidge [1555-1628], an important legal figure during the reign of James I. Lord Campbell considers it "a learned work on the subject of marriage" (cited in Sweet & Maxwell: A Legal Bibliography of the British Commonwealth of Nations). It also treats such diverse topics as age of consent, dower, hermaphrodites, polygamy, wooing, partition, chattels, divorce, descent, seisin, treason, felonies and rape.

Pg-5:"I may not doubt but every woman is a temporall person, though no woman can be a spirituall Vicar." Here temporall or modern temporal mean connected with the real physical, material world and not to spiritual matters - वास्तविक भौतिक संसार से संबंधित न कि आध्यात्मिक मामलों से; लौकिक, सांसारिक. Pg-6: "In sorrow shalt thou bring forth thy children, thy desires shall bee subject to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee." Pg-7: "At 9. yeares age, shee is able to deserve and have dowre. At 12. yeares to consent to marriage."

Pg-7: The learning is 35. Hen. 6. fol. 40. that a Woman hath divers speciall ages, at the 7. yeare of her age, her father shall have aide of his tenants to marry her. At 9. yeares age, shee is able to deserve and have dowre. At 12. yeares to consent to marriage. At 14. to bee hors du guard [out of protection]: at 16. to be past the Lords tender of a husband. At 21. to be able to make a feoffement: And per Ingelton there in the end of the case, a woman married at 12. cannot disagree afterward, but if she be married younger, shee may dissent till shee be 14. The age of 7. yeares, when Bracton wrote this aide, for making the sonne a Knight, or marrying the daughter, was due de gratia [due to grace] & non de Jure [not of law], and pro necessitate [for necessity] & indigentia domini capitalis [the necessity of master’s capital]: measured by the indigence of the Lord, and opulence of the tenants: But West. 1. Cap. 35. in the third yeare of Edward 1. the Law was made certaine, the Lord shall have aide of his tenants, as soone as his daughter accomplished 7. yeares age for the marriage of her.

Pg-55: "IF after the Sponsion or first betrothing, and before Matrimony contracted, some evill disease (as leprosie, or some violent cause or casualty) make one of the parties unfit for generation, the other may repudiate and abandon him or her, which shall be so diseased or unabled." Pg-59: "And so forth their Childrens Children, which after the fourth degree, are againe by all lawes permitted to marrie, contrahitui & affinitas per illicitum cortum."

Pg-59: "..by Constitution of holy Church, marriage is forbidden betwixt persons of divers Religions, as Jewes and Christians." Pg-61: "Women which within the yeare of mourning for their husbands betake them to wedlocke againe, should be reputed infamous and defamed."

The History of Prosecution by Samuel Chandler in four parts viz. I. Amongst the Heathens II. Under the Christian Imperors III. Under the Papacy and Inquisition IV. Among Protestants

BOOK II. Of the Persecutions under the Christian Emperors: I. Of the Dispute concerning Easter II. Of the Persecutions begun by Constantine III. The Nicene Council IV. The first Council of Constantinople V. The Council of Ephesus VI. The Council of Chalcedon VII. The Second Council of Constantinople VIII. The Third Council at Constantinople IX. The Second Nicene Council

Sect. IV. Of the Manner of Proceeding before the Tribunal of the Inquisition -The Witnesses -Examination of the Prisoners -Artifices to bring them in Confession -The Tortures used in Inquisition -Penances -Process against the Dead -The Act of Faith -The Execution -The principal Inquities of the Tribunal of the Inquisition enumerated

Conclusion: I. The Clergy the great Promoters of Persecution II. The Things for which Christians have persecuted one another, generally of small Importance III. Pride, Ambition, and Covetousness, the grand Sources of Persecution IV. The Decrees of Councils and Synods of no Authority in Matters of Faith V. The imposing Subscriptions to human Creeds unreasonable and pernicious VI. Adherence to the sacred Scripture the best Security of Truth and Orthodoxy VII. The Christian Religion absolutely condemns Persecution for Conseience-sake

Books on Assyria and Babylonia

Chapter II. —Guglielma anp Dolcino. Incarnation of Holy Ghost in Guglielma, The Guglielmites Form a New Church, Prosecuted by the Inquisition, Fate of the Sectaries, The Order of Apostles. —Spiritual Tendencies, Gherardo Segarelli —Burned in 1300, Dolcino Assumes the Leadership, His Open Revolt. —Suppressed after Four Crusades, Continuance and Character of the Heresy

Chapter III — The Fraticelli. Question Raised as to the Poverty of Christ, Reaction against the Holiness of Poverty, Doctrine of the Poverty of Christ Declared a Heresy, It Complicates the Quarrel with Louis of Bavaria, Marsiglio of Padua and William of Ockham, Gradual Estrangement of the Franciscans, Louis Deposes John XXII. asa Heretic, Michele da Cesena Revolts, Utility of the Inquisition. Submission of the ‘Antipope, Struggle in Germany. —The Franciscans Support Louis, Louis gradually Gains Strength. —His Death, Dissident Franciscans Known as Fraticelli, Sympathy for them under Persecution, Their Tenets, Fraticel in France and Spain, Orthodox Ascetism. —Jesuats. —Observantines, The Observantines Replace and Suppress the Fraticelli.

Chapter IV. —Political Heresy Utilized by The Church. Denial of Papal Claims Pronounced Heresy, The Stedingers —Tithes Enforced by Crusades, Crusades to Support Italian Interests of Papacy, Importance of Inquisition as a Political Agency, Advantage of the Charge of Heresy, Manfred of Naples —The Colonnas —Ferrara, John XXII and the Visconti, Cola.di Rienzo. —The Maffredi, Use of Inguisition in the Great Schism, Case of Thomas Connecte, Girolamo Savonarola

Chapter V. —Political Heresy Utilized by The State. Use of Inquisition by Secular Potentates, The Templars. —Growth and Relations of the Order, Causes of its Downfall. —Facilities Furnished by the Inquisition, Papal Complicity Sought. —Use made of Inquisition, Errors Charged against the Templars, The Question of their Guilt, Vacillation of Clenient. —The Assembly of Tours, Bargain between King and Pope. —Clement Joins the Prosecution, Prosecution throughout Europe. —Its Methods in France, The Papal Commission. —Its Proceedings, Defence Prevented by Burning those who Retract, Proceedings in Englaid. —The Inquisition Necessary, Action in Lorraine and Germany, Italy and the East, In Spain and Majorea, Torture in Preparation for the Council of Vienne, Arbitrary Proceedings Required at the Council, Disposition of Property and Persons of the Order, Fate of de Molay, Popular Sympathies, Distribution of the Property of the Order, Case of Doctor Jean Petit, Case of Joan of Arc. —Condition of the French Monarchy, Career of Joan up to her Capture, The Inquisition Claims her. —Delivered to the Bishop of Beat, Her Trial, Her Condemnation and Execution, Her Imitators and her Rehabilitation

Chapter VI. —Sorcery and Occult Arts. Satan and the Spirit World, Incubi and Succubi, Human Ministers of Satan. Sorcerers, Penalties under the Roman’ Law, Struggle between Pagan and Christian Theurgy, Repression of Sorcery by the Early Church, Magic Practices of the Barbarians, Leniency of Barbarian Legislation, Legislation of Church and State in Carlovingian Period, Practical Toleration in Early Medieval Period, Indifference of Secular Legislation, The Inquisition Assumes Jurisdiction, All Magic Becomes Heretical, Astrology. —Pietro di Abano. —Cecco d'Ascoli, Divination by Dreams, Comminatory Church Services, The Inquisition Stimulates Sorcery by Persecution, Unfortunate Influence of John XXII, Growth of Sorcery in the Fourteenth Century, Increase in the Fifteenth Century, Case of the Maréchalde Rais, Enrique de Villena

Chapter VII. —Witchcraft. Its Origin in the Fifteenth Century, The Sabbat. —Regarded at first as a Diabolic Ilusion, Adopted by the Church as a Reality, Its Ceremonies, Power and Malignity of the Witch, The Church Helpless to Counteract her Spells, Belief Stimulated by Persecution, Witches Lose Power when Arrested, Secular and Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction over Witcheraft, Inquisitorial Process as Applied to Witchcraft, Case of the Witches of the Canavese, Case of the Vaudois of Arras, Slow Development of the Witchcraft Craze, Stimulated by the Inquisition and the Church, Influence of the Malleus Maleficarum, Opposition to the Inquisition. —France. — Cornelius Agrippa, Opposition of Venice —The Witches of Brescia, Terrible Development in the Sixteenth Century

Chapter VIII. — Intellect and Faith. Intellectual Aberrations not Dangerous, Theological Tendencies and Development, Roger Bacon, Nominalism and Realism, Rivalry between Philosophy and Theology, Averrhoism, Toleration in Italy in the Fifteenth Century, Modified Averrhoism —Pamponazio- Nilo, Raymond Lully, Evolution of Dogma —The Beatific Vision, The Immaculate Conception, Censorship of the Press

Chapter IX. —Conclusion. Omissions of the Inquisition. —The Greek Heretics, Questuari, or Pardoners, Simony, Demoralization of the Church, Morals of the Laity, Materials for the Improvement of Humanity, The Reformation Inevitable, Encouraging Advance of Humanity, Appendix or DOCUMENTS

Books on Islam, Muslims, Muhammad, Afghanistan, Persia or Iran, Pakistan, Arabs...

Pakistan under the military: eleven years of Zia ul-Haq by Shahid Javed Burki and Craig Baxter with contributions by Robert LaPorte, Jr. and Kamal Azfar

The military regime of Zia ul-Haq began as an ostensible emergency response to allegations of election-rigging by the Bhutto government in 1977. It was meant to last 90 days - instead it endured for over 11 years. As Pakistan emerged from its relative isolation to become an increasingly major international actor in the wake of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Zia retained his grip on the reins of power and continued to restructure the nation to his vision as an Islamic state. This book analyzes the political, economic, legal and administrative structures of Pakistan as they were formed and transformed by Zia during his controversial career.

Marching towards democracy: a collection of articles, statements and speeches by Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 1928-1979

Pakistan: the continuing search for nationhood by Shahid Javed Burki

Pakistan came into being as the result of a movement that sought to establish a separate national identity for the Muslims of British India. This introduction to Pakistan's political, economic and social develpment includes an analysis of Benazir Bhutto and her downfall, as well as an examination of the general status of women in this predominantly Moslem culture. The author assesses the implications of the October 1990 elections - in which Bhutto was resoundingly defeated - and weighs the problems facing the new leadership as the search for stability continues.

The last days of united Pakistan by Golam W. Choudhury, Another book by same author: Pakistan, transition from military to civilian rule

The birth pangs of Pakistan by Clarence Burton Day

Breaking the curfew : a political journey through Pakistan by Emma Duncan.

From crisis to crisis: Pakistan 1962-1969 London, Oxford University Press, 1972

Excerpts:

The chief Authorities mentioned are: Ibn Ishaq (d. A.D. 768; A.H. 151) whose Sira, the Life of the Apostle, is the standard biography of Muhammad as preserved by Ibn Hisham (d. 834); the collection of Hadith or Traditions by Bukhari (d. 870); the history and commentary of Tabari (d. 923), and the commentaries of Zamakhshari (d. 1144), Razi (d. 1209), and Baidawi (d. 1282). Baidawi's commentary, summarizing earlier work, was regarded by orthodox Sunni Muslims almost as a holy book, it received more careful study than other commentaries.

The proper name of Jesus in the Qur'an is 'Isa, which is used in the personal sense without explanation. The form of the name has given rise to considerable comment though there is general agreement that 'Isa came from the Syriac Yeshu' which derived it from the Hebrew Yeshua. Some western scholars have thought that the final vowel change was influenced by the analogy of Musa in Arabic for Moses (Mosheh), but only in five places is 'Isa mentioned along with Musa in the Qur'an.

The book gives further references to the origin of words Isa and Christ. Page-21: In the Gospels the name Jesus occurs hundreds of times, and only occasionally with the addition of 'the Nazarene' or 'of Nazareth'. The Qur'an does not mention the town of Nazareth, though Christians are regularly termed Nasara. The double name 'Jesus Christ' is very rare in the Gospel; there are some four certain examples. 'Christ Jesus' and 'Lord Jesus' never occur here. This shows the primitive and narrative usage of the Gospel. Page-23: The Qur'an does not mention Joseph who, according to two Gospels, was the father or foster-father of Jesus. In Christianity the title 'Son of Mary' has been exceedingly rare and it is worth considering this at some length. The only instance in the whole of the New Testament is in Mark 6.3

On page 24: the book gives reference to History and Interpretation of the Gospels by R. H. Lightfoot, 1935, p. 187 where it is stated: "No man in the East, whether his father were living or not, would be known familiarly by reference to his mother except presumably with purpose to insult". On page-27, the book mentions about the miracales of babay Jesus mentioned in Arabic Infancy Bible.

On page-31: Firozabadi in his Arabic dictionary said that there were over fifty explanations of Masih. Zamakhshari and Baidawi admitted that it was a foreign word, and the latter commented that Masih was the surname of Jesus, a title of honour like al-Siddiq, the 'truthful', a surname of Abu Bakr the first caliph. Page-35: The Arabic 'abd is related to the Hebrew 'ebed. The figure of the Servant of God ('ebed Yahweh) is of great importance in the book of Isaiah, especially in Isaiah 42-1.

Keywords: Crusades, War, Peace, Muslims, Mamluks

Review: As far as religions are concerned, they inevitably lead to wars and destruction. The gods of religion is ho helpless that He/She needs mortal humans to spread His/Her message. This is usually the theme of any scripture and this book is no exception.

The Crescent and French Crusaders by Ditson, G. L. (George Leighton), 1812-1895

CONTENTS

LETTER IV. Horse Racing — The Government Stud — The ffaloitf — The Arab Courts — The Arab Winner — General Yusuf — Fantasias — A Sham-fight — Native Costumes — Plan for Improving the Breed of Horses — The Barbary Horse — Algerian Sheep — An Arab Trick — Coirs and Oxen — Wild Animals, LETTER V. A Cotton Crop — Kohl — Henna — Civet Pomade — Native Jewelry — Moorish Embroidery — Saddle Manufacturers — Kabyl Weaving — Negro Work — Coral Fishery — The French as Coral Fishers — The Fisheries sold to the English Annual Coral Product — Coral Marts — Soap — Honey — Wax — Palm Juice, LETTER VI. A Change in the Letters and Seasons — A Storm — Disasters — Suburbs of Algiers — French Bridges — Roman Roads — Objects seen in my Rambles — Valley of the Consuls — Moorish Country Seats — Ceremonies at a Sacred Fountain — Sacrificers — Cures — A Jew Slaughter-house — The Casbah

LETTER X. Distribution of the Tribes — The KoulougUs — The Jews — The Kabyls — Origin of the Word Kabyl — Berber Tongue — Kabyl Customs, Dress, and Morals — Kabyl and Arab compared — Kabyl Women — Circassian and Kabyl Laws compared — The Kabyl a Manufacturer — Kabyl Government — Koubas — Zaouias — Sidi-Embarak's Tomb, LETTER XI. A Stroll about Algiers — A Moorish House — Seraglio of the Deys — Terrace of the Harem — Views — The Harem within — Mustapha Pasha's Palaces — Other Palaces - Tile Ornaments — Moorish Furniture — Turkish and Moorish Architecture compared — Koubras — Moorish Aqueduct — Country Seats — Woman, LETTER XII. A Trip into the Country — Duke Rovigo's Road Tiews from the Boujareah or Massif — Boufarick — Hostility of the People — Blida — Markets — Shops — Negresses — Dress — Red-headed Children — Amusements — Wady-el-Kebir and its Mills — A Surprise — A sad Mistake — Combats in the Cniffa — Medea

LETTER XVI. Fete of the Bey of the Camp — Arrival of the Troops — Fantasias — The Bardo Palace — The Bey's Court — An Artesian Well — Tomb of St. Louis — Death of St. Louis — Philharmonic Society — Tunisian Amusements — The French Consul — Abuse of the Arabs — Money Changers — An Honest Jew, LETTER XVII. Leaving Tunis — Voyage to Stora — Philippevllle — Ruins of Ruslcada — A handsome Italian — Leave Phillppeville for Constantine — El Arrouch — El Kan tour — Arabs en route — First View of Constantine — Drawbacks' to Society — Place de la Breche — People — River Rummel — Natural Bridges, LETTER XVIII. Appearance of Constantine — My second day's Ramble — A Roman Bridge — An Arab's Cupidity — The fatal three Stones of the Casbah — My third Ramble — Natural Bridges — A Work of Art — Tomb of Prsscilius — Roman Remains — Christian Martyrs — Celebrated Characters who flourished at Cirta

LETTER XXII. Departure for the Desert — Caravansary of Ouksou — A Smala — Tribes migrating — Scenery — Wady-el-Kantara — Change of Scenery — Another Caravansary — Dividing Line between the Tell and Sahara — More Smalas — Supposable Tete-a-Tete — The New Wife — A Caravan when moving and halting, LETTER XXIII. Appearance of the Caravans — A Salt Mountain — Confusion in a Smala — Arab Coolness — A Frenchman Outfranked — M. Germain — Can Cotton be grown in Constantino? — Bedouin Manners — Outaiya — Outalyan Homes — A Belle — Coiffure-Dress — Natives compared — Improvements anticipated, LETTER XXIV. Wearing, and a Native Loom — More Homes — Scarcity of Water — A Sheik's Tent and Wives — Arab Indolence — A New Process of Spinning — Roman Progress in Africa — Renewal of the Journey — Women at Work — Biskra and its Inhabitants — Sheik-el-Arib — Population and Palm-trees

History of the Islamic peoples by Brockelmann, Carl, 1868-1956

Excerpts of Review: This is a book about Christism and its apologetics and superstitions. The claim starts from introduction itself where the author writes: "The Church having written the Bible, and preserved it, has alone the right of interpretation." Pg-5: "though Job was an upright and almost a perfect man, one who feared God and eschewed evil, he had a bad and foolish wife; which should warn us that a great many people are not intended to marry...". The book also talks about "doctrine of immortality of the soul" without defining the word soul. Pg-8: The author's comfort with the concept of human sacrifice is clearly demonstrated from the statement "...supreme moment of his life..." about Abraham's sacrifice of his son Isaac at age 12. "Abraham sacrificed his son; therefore the Catholic Church superseded the Jewish Church; therefore we are called on to leave everything, even our husbands and wives, for the sake of Christ (Mattew. xix. 29)."

Pg-16: "The animals took part in the penance. Jonah was a type of Christ, and in particular of the Resurrection." The book further gives comparison of Jonah and Jesus. Pg-18: This chapter tells the story of Jacob and Esau and justifies how a liar, trickter can be virtuous by showing respect for his parents and the God. Pg-23 has a mention of Jewish legend where God interacts with Moses in his dream. On pg-25, the book describes the ugly story of David's adultery with Bathsheba, and his subsequent murder of Uriah, the husband, to hide his crime. Remember - Mary and hence Jesus were descendants of David. Pn pg-40, the author shares his views about marriage and divorce: Men must not be allowed to marry their deceased wife's sister, nor must divorced persons, whether innocent or guilty, be allowed to re-marry.

Pg-41: After the grand scene of the sacrifice and slaughter of the false prophets on Mount Carmel, Elijah fled for his life to Beersheba, in the Kingdom of Judah ; and there, retiring into the wilderness, he was miraculously fed with bread and water, and sent on to Mount Horeb, where he remained in the strength of that meat forty days and forty nights, meditating upon the problems of life. Pg-47: It was time for Isaac to marry; he had lost his mother, and required a wife. He lived a long way from his own country, yet wished for a woman of his own tribe.

Pg-63: The Ark rested on Mount Ararat. Moses was buried by God on Mount Nebo.

Keywords: Adam, Christianity, Evolution, Bible, Scriptures, Theologico-Political Treatise, Spinoza

Review: "My goal is to focus solely on how the Bible fits into all of this." that is 'Evolution'. If you read the intruduction, this book may seem to be written by a Christian Apologist. "My Christian faith is summed up in the Apostles’ Introduction and Nicene Creeds, which are expressions of broad Christian orthodoxy."

"The biblical writers assumed that the earth is flat, was made by God in relatively recent history (about 4,000 years before Jesus) just as it looks now, and that it is the fixed point in the cosmos over which the sun actually rises and sets." There are many references to the claims made by Bible such as stationary earth, Paul calling Jesus as second Adam and necessity for Christian faith to accepts Adam as not just historical figure. This book tries to describe the intense struggle going on between Christian faith and evolution theory in situation where geology and archeology do not support Genesis narratives.

Pg-18 "One issue in particular came to the forefront: why does God have two names in Genesis, Elohim (God) and Yahweh (typically translated Lord)?" Pg-20: "Today many of the details of Wellhausen’s arguments no longer dominate the academic conversation, but two general insights remain as a virtually unquestioned foundation for subsequent work: (1)that parts of the Pentateuch were composed over several centuries, and (2)that the Pentateuch as a whole was not completed until after the Israelites returned from exile."

Ancient Egypt and the Near East: An Illustrated History by Marshall Cavendish: This is a book published in 2011 that contains large number of images and depiction of rules, Gods and Goddesses in Egyptian civilization. Timeline of differnt rules have been provided with names. The book does not contain any bibliography or reference to statues, models, toms, pictures and wall paintinings. However, the information provided in a book of 142 pages cover-to-cover is an excellent summary of information which can lead you to explore each topic in detail though other published sources.

He also records orders from the king prohibiting Bible reading at certain times and by certain groups such as common laborers and women. If Foxe is to be believed, most of the blame for the application of these laws belongs on the religious leaders who invoked them even sometimes when the civil ruler was not inclined to do so. Despite the length, the work is intended to be read as a narrative, rather than used occasionally as a reference, and the fact of its repeated printings gives evidence of its popularity.

Anne Askew, a thirty-five-year-old woman was put on the rack and burned at Smithfield in 1546 for her Lollard beliefs. When the time arrived for her execution, clergymen seated to get a good view of the proceedings learned that Anne and the three who were to be executed with her had tied explosives to their bodies to shorten their misery, whereupon the men hurriedly moved their observation post to a safer distance. Foxe points ironically to their fear of few sparks while the ones they condemned were burning to death. Although Acts and Monuments was written primarily as the history o£ English martyrs who died because of their opposition to Antichrist in the Catholic Church, later generations used parts of it as a warning for the future.

DESTINY DISRUPTED - A History of the World Through Islamic Eyes by TAMIM ANSARY

Pg-18: Although Mohammed was a member of the Quraysh, the most powerful tribe in Mecca, he got no status out of it because he belonged to one of the tribe's poorer dans, the Banu ("dan" or "house of") Hashim. Pg-19: Mohammed came down from the mountain sick with fear, thinking he might have been possessed by a jinn, an evil spirit. Outside, he felt a presence filling the world to every horizon. Pg-20: Among the many temples in Mecca was a cube-shaped structure with a much-revered cornerstone, a polished black stone that had fallen out of the sky a long time ago-a meteor, perhaps. This temple was called the Ka'ba, and tribal tales said that Abraham himself had built it, with the help of his son Ishmael. Pg-21: According to most Muslims, Abu Talib never converted to Islam himself, but he stood up for his nephew out of personal loyalty and love, and his word had weight.

These are few excerpts from the book. Even though the book contains 72 entries under Bibliography, the references are mentioned within the paragraphs of the chapters. Overall the book is full of stories and eulogy about Muhammad such as Pact of Medina. However, there is no documentary evidence given for it. Though the author claimed that Islamic society began to collect, memorize, recite, and preserve their history as soon as it happened - no documentary evidence has beens provided in the book. The book does mention that Muhammad got his daughter married to his cousin. As mentioned on page-54, Othman (aristocratic Umayyads clan) was the financiar for Muhammad. "Once, when abuse of Muslims was peaking in Mecca, Mohammed decided that a group of his followers should emigrate to Abyssinia, and Othman helped finance that." On pg-55: "He spent lavishly for the public good; for example, he expanded the mosque in Medina for Mohammed, and when the Muslims needed water, he bought a valuable well from one of the Jewish tribes and donated it to the public."

Islam did not abolish the slavery. On page-55, the book mentions: "To earn forgiveness, he made a practice of buying slaves and liberating one each Friday." This was after the Battle of the Moat. About the compilation of Quran: "One great project Othman saw to fruition during the first half of his khalifate was the preparation of a definitive edition of the Qur'an. He set scholars to work combing out redundancies among the copies that existed, resolving discrepancies, and evaluating passages whose authenticity was subject to doubt."

Pg-58: "Toward the end of Othman's twelve-year reign, grumbling began to sound throughout the empire. In Egypt, his foster brother was squeezing people so hard for money that riots broke out. Egyptian notables wrote to the khalifa, begging him to recall the governor." Pg-59: "Outside his palace, the rioters worked themselves into a frenzy, broke down palace doors, and burst in with a roar. They found the khalifa in his study, and there in the flickering twilight of the old man's lamp, in year of the Muslim era, they beat their own leader to death. Suddenly, the succession conundrum had turned into a horrifying crisis that threatened the very soul of Islam."

Pg-61: The Prophet's youngest wife Ayesha happened to be in Mecca when Othman was assassinated. "Capitalizing on the passion she aroused, she assembled an army, convened a war council, and mapped out a campaign. The ousted governor of Yemen pledged all his stolen treasure to her cause. Flush with funds, Ayesha led her troops north and stormed Basra, a key city in southern Iraq. She dispatched Ali's loyalists quickly and took over." Pg-70: about Hussein's muder - "The severed head arrived just as Yazid was entertaining a Byzantine envoy, and it spoiled the whole dinner party. The Byzantine envoy said, "Is this how you Muslims behave? We Christians would never treat a descendant ofJesus in this manner." The criticism angered Yazid, and he had the "Roman" thrown into prison."

Pg-160: "For Timur, bloodshed was not just a canny battle strategy. He seemed to relish it for its own sake. It was he (not Chengez) who took pleasure in piling up pyramids of severed heads outside the gates of cities he had plundered. It was he, too, who executed captives by dropping them, still living, into tall, windowless towers until he had filled the towers to the brim. Timur banged and slaughtered his way to Asia Minor and then banged and slaughtered his way back again to India, where he left so many corpses rotting on the roads to Delhi that he made the whole region uninhabitable for months."

Pg-174: In 1402, near the city of Ankara, these two civilized patrons of the arts set niceties aside and went at each other blade to axe, and may the worst man win. Timur-i-lang proved himself the more brutal of the two. He crushed the Ottoman army, took Emperor Bayazid himself prisoner, clapped him in a cage like some zoo animal, and hauled him back to his jewel-encrusted lair in Central Asia, the city of Samarqand. Despair and humiliation so overwhelmed Bayazid that he committed suicide. Out west, Bayazid's sons began to war with each other over the truncated remains of his one-time empire.

Pg-254:"In 1766, Ibn Saud was assassinated but his son Abdul Aziz took over and continued his father's campaign to unite Arabia under the banner of Abdul Wahhab's theology. Then in 1792, Wahhab himself died, leaving behind twenty widows and countless children." In 1804, Aziz ibn Saud conquered Medina, where he had his army promptly destroy the tombs of Mohammed's companions. From Medina, the Saudi-Wahhabi armies went on to Mecca, where they wrecked a shrine that supposedly marked Prophet Mohammed's birthplace {so that no one would fall into idolatrous worship of Mohammed).

Tabaqat-i Nasiri is an elaborate history of the Islamic world written in Persian by Minhaj-i-Siraj Juzjani for Sultan Nasir-ud-Din and completed in 1260. Consisting of 23 volumes and written in a blunt straightforward style, Juzjani devoted many years to the creation of this book even providing references for his information. Although a large portion of the book is devoted to the Ghurids, it also contains a history of the predecessors in Ghazna before the Ghaznavid Sebuktigin took power. In compiling his Tabaqat i Nasiri, Juzjani used other books now lost; part of Baihaqi's reign of Sebuktigin, Abu'l-Qasim Imadi's Ta'rikh-i mujadwal and most likely Ibn Haisam's Qisas-i thani. The purpose of the Tabaqat-i Nasiri was to account for the Muslim dynasties that originated in Iran and Central Asia. It starts with the prophets and explains their piety and morality. This continues up to Abdullah, father of the prophet Muhammad, at which point a history of the prophet's life is told. Within his Tabaqat-i Nasiri, Juzjani tells of his religious views and his historiographical approach to Islam and Muslim rulers. The Tabaqat-i Nasiri is the only source for the Khaljis rebellion in Bengal against the sultan of Delhi from 1229-1230.

Le Strange, G, “The Story of the Death of the Last Abbasid Caliph, from the Vatican MS. of Ibn-al-Furāt.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 32, no. 2 (April 1900): 293-300.

Gilli-Elewy, Hend. 2011. “Al-Ḥawādiț Al-Gāmi’a: Contemporary Account of the Mongol Conquest of Baghdad, 656/1258”, Arabica, 58, (2011): 353-371.

De Somogyi, Joseph, “A Qasida on the destruction of Baghdad by the Mongols,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, vol. 7, no. 1, 1933, pp. 41-48.

Rashid-wu, Painan. 1997. Soqūt-e Baġdād va ḥokmravā’ei-e Moġolān dar ‘Arāq ("The fall of Baghdad and Mongol rule in Iraq"), Persian translation by Asad-allāh Āzād, Mašhad, Āstān-e Qods Razavi.

Bacon, Elizabeth E. (1951b), "The Inquiry into the History of the Hazara Mongolsof Afghanistan", Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 7: 230-247. --- Durand, Henry M. (1879), The First Afghan War and Its Causes. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. --- Eyre, Vincent (1879), The Kabul Insurrection of 1841-42 - edited by G. B. Malleson. London: W. H. Allen & Co, Ferrier, J. P. (1858) --- History of the Afghans. London: John Murray --- Dupree, Louis (1976), "The First Anglo-Afghan War and the British Retreat of 1842: the Functions of History and Folklore", East and West (IsMEO), New Series, 26 (3 - 4) : 503-529 --- Havelock, Henry (1840), Narrative of the War in Afghanistan. 2 vols. London: Henry Colburn --- Holdich, T. Hungerford (1909) The Indian Borderland, 1880-1900. 2nd ed. London: Methuen and Co. --- Kaye, John William (1857), History of the War in Afghanistan. 3 vols., 2nd ed.London: Richard Bentley. --- Kennedy, Richard Hartley (1840), Narrative of the Campaign of the Indus, in Sind and Kaubool, 1838-9. 2 vols. London: Richard Bentley. --- Khanikoff (1845), Bokhara: Its Amir and Its People. London: James Madden. ---Jarring, Gunnar (1939a), "An Uzbek's View of his Native-Town and its Circumstances", Ethnos No. 2: 73-80. --- Jarring Gunnar (1939b), On the Distribution of Turk Tribes in Afghanistan, Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz. --- Khalfin, N. A. (1958), "The Rising of Ishaq Khan in Southern Turkestan (1888)", Central Asian Review 6: 253-263a. --- Malleson, G. B. (1879), History of Afghanistan, from the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878. London: W. H. Allen & Co. --- Martin, Frank A. (1907), Under the Absolute Amir. London and New York: Harper and Brothers. --- Nizim, Muhammad (1971), The Life and Times of Sultan Mahmad of Ghazna , 2nd ed. New Delhi: Mushiram Manoharlal. --- Neamet Ullah (1976), History of the Afghans, translated by Bernhard Dorn, 2 vols, reprint (first ed. 1829-1836). Karachi: Indus Publications. --- Raymond, Xavier (1848), Afghanistan. Paris: Firmin Didot Freres. --- Sultan Muhammad Khan (1900), The Constitution and Laws of Afghanistan. London: John Murray. --- Yavorski, I. L (1885), Journey of the Russian Embassy through Afghanistan and the Khanate of Bukhara in 1878-1879. 2 vols. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing.

Gupta, Hari Ram (1941), 'Timur Shah's Army in 1793', Journal of Indian History 20: 100-104. Gupta, Hari Ram (1944), Studies in Later Mughal History of the Panjab 1707-1793, Lahore: Minerva.

Keywords: Muhammadzai lineage, Amir al-Mumenin, Sadozai empire, Tribal Groups, Turkic origin, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Lesser Turkistan, First and Second Anglo-Afghan Wars of 1839-1842 and 1878-1880, Siraj al-Tawarikh, Tarikh-i Sultani, Tarikh-i padshahan-i muta'akhir, Gulshan-i imarat, Ain al-waqayi, Taj al-tawarikh, Tarikh-i Husain Shahi, Hayat-i afghani,

Review: Some excerpts are mentioned below. This book is about the power struggle among the tribal factions long after the area was completely islamized. The content is filled with far too many names of tribes, individuals and families. This is a demonstration of how segmented a society can be based on lineage and family-based controls. The author has classified the information based on the tribes and families that controlled now what is known as Afghanistan. However, one may easily get lost in the maze of rulers and dates presented. While the author claims this country to be graveyard of empires, there was a cycle of conflicts, betrayal, shifting allegiances and takeover of the region by local and foreign invaders such as Persians, Uzbeks and Turkmens. There was hardly any period of long stability and rule with development in art, culture and science. The significantly large number of names contain the surname 'Khan' which points to presence of large number of Mongols too. Based on the data and information presented in this book, one can easly conclude that Islam promotes division than uniting the people of various ethnicities.

'Afghanistan' a historical entity, which can be traced to antiquity by a variety of other names: Ariana, subjugated by the Achaemenids; Bactria, the glorious empire of the Kushans; Khurasan, oppressed by the Sasanians, The foundation of Afghanistan by Ahmad Shah Durrani in the mid-eighteenth century.

Ch-1: Shah Mahmud, the last sovereign Sadozai ruler of Kabul, was deposed in 1818, but the crumbling of Sadozai power had already begun in the final decade of the eighteenth century at a time when the Sadozai empire was barely fifty years old. Its founder, Ahmad Shah Sadozai had gainded ascendancy in Afghanistan in 1747, at a period when the equilibrium of power which had previously existed between the Safawids of Iran, the Mughals of India and the Uzbek khanate of Transoxania had dissolved.

Pg-2: In 1762, at the height of Ahmad Shah's power, the Afghan empire included Kashmir, Punjab, Sind, Baluchistan, and part of Khurasan. To begin with, the Sadozai empire had been built on Ahmad Shah's ability to garner tribal support by offering the prospect of profitable military campaigns to India.

Pg-24: Kabul in the Early Nineteenth Century: The total population of Kabul and its immediate environs was estimated at 9,000 families or 50,000 to 60,000 souls. Among these, approximately 4500 families were furnished by the Qizilbash, who, along with the Hazaras, were set apart from the other Kabulis by their Shi'i beliefs. While the majority of the Sunnis and approximately 2,000 Hindus dwelled in the city of Kabul.

SHADOW OF THE SULTAN’S REALM - THE DESTRUCTION OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND THE CREATION OF THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST by DANIEL ALLEN BUTLER: ONE - THE SULTAN’S REALM, TWO - THE EVE OF WAR, THREE - OPENING MOVES, FOUR - ALARUMS AND EXCURSIONS, FIVE - GALLIPOLI, SIX - KUT, SEVEN - ARMENIAN AGONY, EIGHT - EL AURENS, NINE - THE ROAD TO DAMASCUS, TEN - THE FALL OF THE SULTAN’S REALM

Opening Paragraph of Chapter-1: "Embedded in one of the walls of the nave of St. Stephen’s Cathedral in Vienna is a Turkish cannonball. A relic from the Siege of 1683, it marks the flood tide of the last great surge of the Ottoman Empire into Europe, the farthest point of the Turkish assault on Christendom. The Austrian-Polish Army, led by the Polish warrior-king Jan Sobieski, reached Vienna, with only days to spare before the beleaguered city fell, and immediately attacked the Turks. From September 11 to September 13 the two armies fought, a struggle marked by merciless ferocity and astonishing courage on both sides, before the Turks, already nearly exhausted by the siege, withdrew from Vienna, never to return."

Quaid-i-Millat Liaquat Ali Khan, Leader and Statesman - Edited by Ziauddin Ahmad - Quaid-e-Millat/leader of the nation and Shaheed-e-Millat/Martyr of the nation.

SCHEME OF CONTENTS

BOOK I: THE WORLD BEFORE MAN

Chapter 1. The Earth in Space and Time: 1. The Great Expansion of Men's Idea of space and time, 2. The earth in space, 3. How long lias the earth endured? Chapter 2. The Recors of the Rooks: 1. The first living things, 2. Natural selectlon and the changes of species CHAPTER 3. Life and Climates: 1. Life and water: water plants, 2. The Earliest land animals, 3. Why life must change continually, CHAPTER 4. The Age of Reptiles: 1.The age of lowland life, 2. Dragons, 3. The first birds, 4. An age of hardship and death, 6. The first appearance of fur and feathers CHAPTER 5. The Age of Mammal: 1. A new ago of life, 2. Tradition comes into the world, 3. An age of brain growth, 4. The world grows hard again

BOOK III: THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS - CHAPTER 13. The Early Empires: 1. Early cultivatora and early nomads, 2a. The Sumerians, 2b. The empire of Sargon the First, 2c. The empire of Hammurabi, 2d. The Assyrians and their empire, 2e. The Chaldean empire, 3. The early history of Egypt, 4. The early civilization of India, 5. The early history of China, 6. While the civilizations were growing, 7. The legend of Atlantis CHAPTER 14. Sea Peoples and Trading Peoples: 1. The earliest ships and sailors, 2. The Aegean cities before history, 3. The first voyages of exploration, 4. Early traders, 5. Early travellers CHAPTER 15. Writinq - 1. Picture writing, 2. Syllable writing, 3. Alphabet writing, 4. The place of writing in human life CHAPTER 16: Gods and Stars, Priests and Kings - 1. The priest comes into history, 2. Priests and the stars, 3. Priests and the dawn of learning, 4. King against priest, 5. How Bel-Marduk struggled against the kings, 6. The god-kings of Egypt, 7. Shi Hwang-ti destroys the books, CHAPTER 17. Serfs, Slaves, Social Classes, and Free Individuals: 1. The common man in ancient times, 2. The earliest slaves, 3. The first “independent” persons, 4. Social classes three thousand years ago, 5. Classes hardening into castes, 6. Caste in India, 7. The system of the "Mandarins 8. A summary of ten thousand years, 9. Plastic and pictorial art in the ancient world, 10. Literature, drama and music in the ancient world

BOOK IV: JUDEA, GREECE, AND INDIA - CHAPTER 18. The Hebbew Scritptures amd the Phophets, 1. The place of the Israelites in History, 2. Saul, David, and Solomon, 3. The Jews a people of mixed origin, 4. The importance of the Hebrew prophets CHAPTER 19. The Aryan-speaking Peoples in Phehistoric Times 1. The spreading of the Aryan-speakers, 2. About the original life of tho Aryans, 3. The Aryan family CHAPTER 20. The Greeks and the Persians: 1. The Hellenic peoples, 2. Distinctive features of Hellenic civilization, 3. Monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy in Greece, 4. The kingdom of Lydia, 5. The rise of the Persians in the East, 6. The story of Croesus 7. Darius invades Russia, 8. The battle of Marathon, 9. Thermopylae and Salamis, 10. Platae and Mycale CHAPTER 21. Greek THought, Literature and Art: 1. The Athens of Perieles 2. Socrates 3. Plato and the Academy 4. Aristotle and the Lyceum 5. Philosophy becomes unworldly 6. The quality and limitations of Greek thought 7. The first great imaginative literature 8. Greek art CHAPTER 22. The Career of Alexander the Great: 1. Pliilip of Macedonia, 2. The murder of King Philip 3. Alexander’s first conquests, 4. The wanderings of Alexander, 5. Was Alexander indeed great 6 The successors of Alexander, 7. Pergamum a refuge of culture, 8 Alexander as a portent of world unity CHAPTER 23 SCIENCE AND RELIGION AT ALEXANDRIA: 1. The science of Alexandria, 2. Philosotihy of Alexandria, 3. Alexandria as a factory of religions, 4. Alexandria and India CHAPTER 24 The Rise and Spread of Buddhism: 1. The story of Gautama, 2. Teaching and legend in conflict, 3. The gospel of Gautama Buddha, 4.Buddhism and Asoka, 5. Two great Chinese teachers, 6. The corruptions of Buddhism, 7. The present range of Buddhism

BOOK V: RISE AND COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE - CHAPTER 26 The Iwo Westerun Republic: 1. The beginninsi of the Latins, 2. A new soil of state, 3. The Carthaginian republic of rich men, 4. The First Punic War, 5. Cato the Elder and the spirit ot Cato, 6. The Second Punic War, 7. The Third Punic War, 8. How the Punic Wars undermined Roman liberty, 9. Comparison of the Roman republic with a modern state CHAPTER 26 From Tiberius Grachhus to the God Emperor in Rome: 1. The science of thwarting the common man, 2. Finance in the Roman state, 3. The last years of Republican politics, 4. The era of the adventurer generals, 6. The end of the Republic, 6. The coming of the Princeps, 7. Why the Roman Republic failed, CHAPTER 27 The Caesars between the Sea and the Great Plains: 1. A short catalogue of emperors, 2. Roman civilization at its zenith, 3. Characteristics of art under the Roman Empire, 4. A certain dullness of the Roman imagination, 6. The stir of the great plains, 6. The Western (true Roman) Empire crumples up, 7. The Eastern (revived Hellenic) Empire

BOOK VI - CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM: CHAPTER 28. The Rise of Christianity and the Fall of Western Empire - 1. Judea at the Christian era, 2. The teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, 3. The new universal religions, 4. The crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth, 5. Doctrines added to the teachings of Jesus, 6. The struggles and persecutions of Christianity, 7. Constantine the Great, 8. The establishment of official Christianity, 9. The map of Europe, A.D. 600, 10. The salvation of learning by Christianity, 11. Byzantine art CHAPTER 29. The History of Asia during the Decay of Western and Byzantine Empires 1. Justinian the Great, 2. The Sassanid empire in Persia, 3. The decay of Syria under the Sassanids, 4. The first message from Islam, 5. Zoroaster and Mani, 6. Hunnish peoples in central Asia and India, 7. The dynasties of Han and Tang in China, 8. Intellectual letters of China, 9 . Early Chinese art, 10. The travels of Yuan Chwang CHAPTER 30 Muhammad and Islam: 1. Arabia before Muhammad, 2. Life of Muhammad to the Hegira, 3. Muhammad becomes a fighting prophet, 4. The teachings of Islam, 5. The caliphs Abu Bekr and Omar, 6. The great days of the Omayyada, 7. The decay of Islam under the Abbasids, 8. Arabic Culture, 9. Arabic Art CHAPTER 31. Christendom and the Crusades: 1. The Western world at its lowest ebb, 2. The feudal system, 3. The Frankish Kingdom of the Merovingians, 4. The Christianization of the Western barbarians, 5. Charlemagne becomes emperor of the West, 6. The personality of Charlemagne, 7. Romanesque Architecture and Art, 8. The French and the Germans become distinct, 9. The Normans, the Saracens, the Hungarians, and the Seijuk Turks, 10. How Constantinople appealed to Rome, 11. The Crusades, 12. The Crusades a test of Christianity, 13. The Emperor Frederick II, 14. Defects and limitations of the Papacy, 16. A list of leading Popes, 16. Gothic Architecture and Art, 17. Mediaeval Music

BOOK VII - THE MONGOL EMPIRES OF THE LAND WAYS AND THE NEW EMPIRES OF THE SEA WAYS: CHAPTER 32. The Great Empire of Jengis Khan and his Sdooessors. (The Age of the Land Ways) - 1. Asia at the end of the Twelfth Century, 2. The rise and victories of the Mongols, 3. The travels of Marco Polo, 4. The Ottoman Turks and Constantinople, 5. Why the Mongols were not Christianized, 6. The yuan and Ming dynasties in China, 7. The Mongols reverts to tribalism, 8. The Kipohak empire and the Tsar of Muscovy, 9. Timurlane, 10. The Mogul empire of India, 11. The Gipsies CHAPTER 33. The Renascence of Western Civilization. (Land Ways Give Place to Sea Ways): 1. Christianity and popular education, 2. Europe begins to think for itself, 3. The Great Plague and the dawn of communism, 4. How paper liberated the human mind, 6. Protestantism of the princes and Protestantism of the people, 6. The reawakening of science, 7. The new growth of European towns, 8. The Literary Renaissance, 9. The Artistic Renaissance 10. America comes into liistory, 11. What Machiavelli thought of the world, 12. The Republic of Switzerland, 13. The life of the Emperor Charles V, 13. Protestants if the prince wills it, 13. The intellectual under-tow

BOOK VIII - THE AGE OF THE GREAT POWERS - CHAPTER 34 Princes, Parliaments and Powers: 1. Princes and foreign policy, 2. The Dutch republic, 3. The English republic, 4. The break-up and disorder of Germany, 5. The splendours of Grand Monarchy in Europe, 6. Music in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, 7. Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Paintings, 8. The growth of the idea of Great Powers, 9. The crowned republic of Poland and its fate, 10. The first scramble for empire overseas, 11. Britain dominates India, 12. Russia's ride to the Pacific, 13. What Gibbon thought of the world: in 1780, 14. The social truce draws to an end

Book VI "CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM" Chapter 30, Pg-385: "To the copious literature of the subject we must refer the reader who wishes to learn how Hasan, the son of Ali, was poisoned by his wife, and how Husein, his brother, was killed. We do but name them here, because they still afford a large section of mankind scope for sentimental partisanship and mutual annoyance. They are the two chief Shiite martyrs. Amidst the coming and going of their conflicts the old Kaaba at Mecca was burnt down, and naturally there began endless disputation whether it should be rebuilt in exactly like ancient form or on a much larger scale."

Books on History of Egypt

Books on History of Mayans, Aztecs, Red Indians

Books on Secrete Societies

CHAPTER II. Origin of the Khalifat —The first Khalifs —Extent of the Arabian Empire —Schism among the Mohammedans —Soonees and Sheahs —Sects of the latter —The Keissanee —The Zeidites —The Ghoollat —The Imamee —Sects of the Imamee —Their political Character —The Carmathites —Origin of the Fatimite Khalifs —Secret Society at Cairo —Doctrines taught in it —Its Decline

CHAPTER III. Ali of Rei —His son Hassan Sabah —Hassan sent to study at Nishaboor —Meets there Omar Khiam and Nizam-al-Mvolk —Agreement made by them —Hassan introduced by Nizam to Sultan Malek Shah —Obliged to leave the Court —Anecdote of him —His own account of his Conversion —Goes to Egypt —Returns to Persia —Makes himself Master of Alamoot. CHAPTER IV. Description of Alamoot —Fruitless attempts to recover it —Extension of the Ismailite Power —The Ismailites in Syria —Attempt on the Life of Aboo-Hard Issa —Treaty made with Sultan Sanjar —Death of Hassan —His Character

CHAPTER V. Organization of the Society —Names given to the Ismailites —Origin of the name Assassin —Marco Polo's description of the Paradise of the Old Man of the Mountain —Description of it given by Arabian writers -Instances of the obedience of the Fedavee CHAPTER VI. Keih Buzoorg Oomeid —A flairs of the Society in Persia —They acquire the Castle of Banias in Syria —Attempt to betray Damascus to the Crusaders —Murders committed during the reign of Keth Buzoorg CHAPTER VII. Keaih Mohammed —Murder of the Khalif —Castles gained in Syria —Ismailite Confession of Faith —Mohammed’s Son Hassan gives himself out for the promised Imam —His followers punished —Succession of Hassan —He abolishes the Law —Pretends to be descended from the Prophet —Is murdered CHAPTER VIII. Mohammed II. —Anecdote of the Imam Fakhr-ed-deen —Noor-ed-deen —Conquest of Egypt —Attempt on the Life of Saladin CHAPTER IX. Sinan the Dai-al Kebir of Syria —Offers to become a Christian —His Ambassador murdered by the Templars -Cardinal de Vitry’s Account of the Assassins;—Murder of the Marquis of Montferrat—Defence of King ; Richard.

CHAPTER X. Death of Jellal-ed-deen —Character of Aia-ed-deen, his successor —The Sheikh Jemal-ed-deen —The Astronomer Nasir-ed-deen —The Vizir Sheref-al-Moolk —Death of Ala-ed-deen —Succession of Rukn-ed-deen, the last Sheikh-al-Jebal CHAPTER XI. The Mongols —Hoolagoo sent against the Ismailites —Rukn-ed-deen submits —Capture of Alamoot —Destruction of the Library —Fate of Rukn-ed-deen —Massacre of the Ismailites —St. Louis and the Assassins —Mission for the Conversion of the People of Kuhistao —Conclusion

THE TEMPLARS. CHAPTER I. Introduction —The Crusades —Wrong Ideas respecting their Origin —True Causes of them —Pilgrimage —Pilgrimage of Frotmond —Of the Count of Anjou —Striking Difference between the Christianity of the East and that of the West —Causes of their different Characters —Feudalism —The Extent and Force of this Principle. CHAPTER II. First Hospital at Jerusalem —Church of Santa Maria de Latina —Hospital of St. John —The Hospitallers —Origin of the Templars —Their original Poverty —They acquire Consideration —St. Bernard —His Character of the Templars —The Order approved of and confirmed by the Council of Troyes —Proofs of the Esteem in which they were held CHAPTER III. Return of the Templars to the East —Exoneration and Refutation of the Charge of a Connection with the Ismailites —Actions of the Templars —Crusade of Louis VII. —Siege of Ascalon —Sale of Nassir-ed-deen —Corruption of the Hospitallers —The Bull, Ommne Datum Optimum —Refusal of the Templars to march against Egypt —Murder of the Ismailite Envoy

CHAPTER IV. Heroism of the Templars and Hospitallers —Battle of Hittin —Crusade of Richard of England and Philip of France —Corruption of the Order —Pope Innocent III. writes a Letter of Censure —Frederic I1. —Great Slaughter of the Templars —Henry III. of England and the Templars —Power of the Templars in Moravia —Slaughter of them by the Hospitallers —Falluf Acre CHAPTER V. Classes of the Templars —The Knights— Their Qualifications —Mode of Reception —Dress and Arms of the Knight —Mode of Burial —The Chaplains —Mode of Reception —Dress —Duties and Privileges —The Serving-Brethren —Mode of Reception —Their Duties —The Affiliated —Causes and Advantages of Affiliation —The Donates and Oblates CHAPTER VI. Provinces of the Order —Eastern Provinces —Jerusalem —Houses of this Province —Tripolis —Antioch —Cyprus —Western Provinces —Portugal —Castile and Leon —Aragon —France and Auvergne —Normandy —Aquitaine —Provence —England —Germany — Upper and Central Italy —Apulia and Sicily CHAPTER VII. Officers of the Order—The Master —Mode of Election —His Rights and Privileges —Restraints on him —The Seneschal —The Marshal —The Treasurer —The Draper —The Turcopilar —Great-Priors —Commanders —Visitors —Sub-Marshal —Standard-bearer

CHAPTER VIII. Chapters—Mode of holding them—Templars’ Mode of Living—Amusements—Conduct in War CHAPTER IX. Molay elected Master—Last attempt of the Christians in Syria—Conduct of the Three Military Orders —Philip the Fair and Pope Boniface VIII. —Seizure of the Pope —Election of Clement V. —The Papal See removed to France —Causes of Philip's enmity to the Templars —Arrival of Molay in France —His interviews with the Pope —Charges made against the Templars —Seizure of the Knights —Proceedings in England —Nature of the Charges against the Order CHAPTER X. Examination of the captive Knights —Different kinds of Torture —Causes of Confession —What Confessions were made —Templars brought before the Pope —Their Declarations —Papal Commission —Molay brought before it—Ponsard de Gisi—Defenders of the Order —Act of Accusation —Heads of Defence —Witnesses against the Order —Fifty-four Templars committed to the Flames at Paris —Remarkable words of Aymeric de Villars-le-Duc —Templars burnt in other places —Further Examinations —The Head worshipped by the Templars —John de Pollincourt —Peter de la Palu CHAPTER XI. Examinations in England —Germany —Spain —Italy —Naples and Provence —Sicily —Cyprus —Meeting of the ouncil of Vienne —Suppression of the Order —Fate of its Members—Death of Molay

THE SECRET TRIBUNALS OF WESTPHALIA. CHAPTER I. Introduction —The Original Westphalia —Conquest of the Saxons by Charlemagne —His Regulations —Dukes of Saxony —State of Germany —Henry the Lion —His Qutlawry —Consequences ot it —Origin of German Towns —Origin of the Fehmgerichte, or Secret Tribunals —Theories of their Origin —Origin of their Name —Synonymous Terms CHAPTER II. The Tribunal-Lord —The Count —The Schéppen —The Messengers —The Public Court —The Secret Tribunal —Extent of its Jurisdiction —Places of holding the Courts —Time of holding them —Proceedings in them —Process where the Criminal was caught in the fact —Inquisitorial Process CHAPTER III. Accusatorial Process —Persons liable to it —Mode of Citation —Mode of Procedure —Right of Appeal CHAPTER IV. The General Chapter —Rights of the Emperor —Of his Lieutenant —Of the Stuhlherrn, or Tribunal-Lords CHAPTER V. Fehm-courts at Celle —At Brnnswick —Tribunal of the Knowing in the Tyrol—The Castle of Baden —African Purrahs CHAPTER VI. The Emperor Lewis the Bavarian —Charles 1V. —Wenceslaus —Rupertian Reformation —Encroachments of the Fehm-courts —Case of Nickel Weller and the Town of Gérlitz —Of the City of Dantzig —Of Hans David and the Teutonic Knights —Other instances of the presumption of the Free-counts —Citation of the Emperor Frederic 11I1. —Case of the Count of Teckenburg CHAPTER VII. Cause of the degeneracy of the Fehm-courts —Attempts at reformation —Causes of their high reputation —Case of the Duke of Wirtemberg —Of Kerstian Kerkerink —Causes of the Decline of the Fehm-jurisdiction

Books on Battles, Wars and Military Operations

Books on Dogmas, Eschatology, Social Disorders

THE BRAND OF DOMINIC OR, INQUISITION AT ROME "SUPREME AND UNIVERSAL" BY REV. WILLIAM H. RULE, PUBLISHED BY CARLTON & PHILLIPS, 1853

Table of Contents

01. Beginnings of the Inquisition 9, 02. The Inquisition of Toulouse 23, 03. Laws And Customs 43, 04. Laws And Customs (Continued) 56, 05. Laws And Customs (Concluded) 66, 06. France 78, 07. Spain The Modern Inquisition Established 83, 08. Spain Triumphs Of The Inquisitors 95, 09. Spain Granada Expulsion Of The Jews 105, 10. Spain Moors And Moriscoes 116, 11. Spain Deza And Ximenez De Cisneros, Inquisitors 129, 12. Spain The Inquisition Under Charles I. And Philip II 142, 13. Spain Preparations For An Auto De Fe 154, 14. Spain Autos De Fe 164, 15. Spain More Autos De Fe 179, 16. Spain The Case Of Carranza, Archbishop Of Toledo 194, 17. Spain Progress And Decline Of The Inquisition 211, 18. Spain Inquisition Abolished Tribunals Of The Faith 228, 19. Portugal 243, 20. Ndia 260, 21. India (Concluded) 281, 22. South America 288, 23. Italy The Old Inquisition 303, 24. Italy The Old Inquisition (Concluded) 325, 25. Italy Inquisition Of The Cardinals 338, 26. Inquisition Of The Cardinals (Concluded) 355, 27. Italy The Inquisition As It Is 367

Keywords: Inquisition, heresy, heretics, capital punishment

This book covers detailed account of inquisitions and role of church. There are references to heretics being sentenced capital punishment. The purpose of inquisition was not to just address the heretics but ensure people comply to Catholic faith and attend Sunday mass in addition to other traditions.

Excerpts and Review: "The king of England has kissed the Pope's foot; and, not presuming to occupy a chair in his presence, has sat down, with his barons, on the floor, in the abbey of Bourg-Dieu. Thus abject are Englishmen in the twelfth century."

Pg-11: "Wherefore we command the bishops, and all the priests of the Lord, dwelling in those parts, to keep watch, and under peril of anathema to prohibit that, where followers of that heresy are known, any one in the country shall dare to afford them refuge, or to lend them help. Neither shall there be any dealings with such persons in buying or selling; that, all solace of humanity being utterly lost, they may be compelled to forsake the error of their life. And whoever shall attempt to contravene this order, shall be smitten with anathema as a partaker of their iniquity. But they, if they be taken, shall be thrown into prison by Catholic princes, and be deprived of all their goods."

Pg-11: "The next General Council was holden at Rome, (A. D. 1179,) in the church of the Lateran, the mother church, as it is called." Pg-14: The Church employs excommunication and other censures: the emperor, the lords, and the magistrates, are to inflict temporal penalties. And after the Church has spent her spiritual weapons, she leaves the subjects of her displeasure to be smitten by the secular arm. This is the theory of the Inquisition. Pg-15: we may therefore say, that in the period of twenty-one years, from the Council of Tours to that of Verona, the general plan was formed. Hitherto the bishops had been acknowledged as guardians of the faith, and intrusted with the duty of making inquisition. It was not enough that each episcopal court should take cognizance of heresy, and that every magistrate should be at the command of his diocesan to burn the culprits he condemned.

Pg-21: "An exact list of all the inhabitants was to be kept in every parish; and all males above fourteen years, and females above twelve, should swear to the bishop, or his delegate, that they utterly renounced heresy, held the Catholic faith, and would persecute and denounce heretics. Negligent bailiffs were to be chastised, and houses wherein the guilty had found shelter were to be pulled down." Pg-24: L. SENTENCIARUM, "Book of Sentences" that is to say, of sentences passed on culprits in the Inquisition of Toulouse. Pg-33: "Even the partial defection of a priest could not escape the vigilance of the inquisitors."

Pg-54: "Heresy is a sin of the soul, and therefore confession may be the only evidence possible.", "But the prisoner must not communicate with his advocate except in the presence of the inquisitor." Pg-55: "If he appeal to the Pope, observe that all the laws agree that a heretic has no right to appeal."

Torture for Heretics: Pg-56: "When you subject a prisoner to torture, in order to compel him to confess, observe the rules following: Torture is inflicted on one who confesses the principal fact, but varies as to circumstances. Also on one who is reputed to be a heretic, but against whom there is only one witness of the fact. In this case common rumour is one indication of guilt, and the direct evidence is another, making altogether but semi-plenar proof. The torture may bring out full proof. Also, when there is no witness, but vehement suspicion. Also, when there is no common report of heresy, but only one witness who has heard or seen something in him contrary to the faith. Any two indications of heresy will justify the use of torture." Read this chapter for a detailed explaination of torture enforeced to get the confession.

Everybody thinks they know the tale of King Henry VIII's wives: divorced, beheaded died; divorced, beheaded, survived. But behind this familiar story, lies a far more complex truth. This book brings together for the first time the 'other women' of King Henry VIII. When he first came to the throne, Henry VIII's mistresses were dalliances, the playthings of a powerful and handsome man. However, when Anne Boleyn disrupted that pattern, ousting Katherine of Aragon to become Henry's wife, a new status quo was established. Suddenly noble families fought to entangle the king with their sisters and daughters; if wives were to be beheaded or divorced so easily, the mistress of the king was in an enviable position. While Henry VIII has frequently been portrayed as a womanizer, author Philippa Jones reveals a new side to his character. Although he was never faithful, Jones sees him as a serial monogamist: he spent his life in search of a perfect woman, a search that continued even as he lay dying when he was considering divorcing Catherine Parr thus leaving him free to marry Katherine d'Eresby. Yet he loved each of his wives and mistresses, he was a romantic who loved being in love, but none of these loves ever fully satisfied him; all were ultimately replaced. "The Other Tudors" examines the extraordinary untold tales of the women who Henry loved but never married, the mistresses who became queens and of his many children, both acknowledged and unacknowledged. Philippa Jones takes us deep into the web of secrets and deception at the Tudor Court and explores another, often unmentioned, side to the King's character.

The hidden lives of Tudor women: a social history by Norton, Elizabeth

The first age -- Of babies and bellies: Elizabeth of York and the first Elizabeth Tudor -- Of nurses and nurseries: Cecily Burbage, Elizabeth of York and the infant Elizabeth Tudor -- Of toys and terminations: Elizabeth Tudor's brief life -- The second age -- Of young ladies and learning: the Countess of Surrey's girls, Jane Dormer, Lady Bryan and Margaret Beaufort -- Of servants and masters: Elizabeth Barton, maidservant -- The third age -- Of love and marriage: Cecily Burbage and Elizabeth Boleyn -- Of apprentices and aspirations: Katherine Fenkyll, wife and business partner -- The fourth age -- Of city trade and London life: Katherine Fenkyll, independent businesswoman -- Of visions and revelations: Elizabeth Barton, the Holy Maid of Kent -- Of mistresses and mystics: Catherine of Aragon, the Boleyns and Elizabeth Barton -- Of politics and prophecies: Elizabeth Barton and Anne Boleyn -- Of inquisitions and treasons: Elizabeth Barton and Anne Boleyn -- The fifth age -- Of pilgrimages and punishments -- Margaret Cheyne, Lady Bulmer -- Of bibles and burnings: Joan Bocher, Princess Mary and Jane Grey -- Of Protestants and pyres: Margaret Clitherow and the new Queen Elizabeth -- The sixth age -- Of settlements and proposals: Queen Elizabeth and Rose Hickman -- The seventh age -- Of wigs and witchcraft: Queen Elizabeth in her sixties, and the witches of England -- Of frailties and finalities: Jane Dormer, "Gloriana" and the poor women of England -- Epilogue: Stuart women

Battles of the World

THE FIFTEEN DECISIVE BATTLES OF THE WORLD: FROM MARATON TO WATERLOO BY E. S. CREASY

CHAPTER II: Defeat of the Athenians at Syracuse, B.C. 413. Synopsis of Events between the Defeat of the Athenians Syracuse and the Battle of Arbela CHAPTER III: The Battle of Aebela, B.C. 57, Synopsis of Events between the Battle of Arbela and the Battle of the Metaurus

CHAPTER IV: Battle of the Metaurus B.C. 207, Synopsis of Events between the Battle of the Metaurus, B.C. 207, and Arminius's Victory over the Roman Legions under Varus A.D. 9 CHAPTER V: Victory of Abminius over the Roman Legions under Varus, A.D. 9, Arminius, Synopsis of Events between Arminius's Victory over Varus and the Battle of Chalons

CHAPTER VI: The Battle or Chalons, A.D. 451, Synopsis of Events between the Battle of Chalons, A.D. 451 and the Battle of Tours, 732. CHAPTER VII. The Battle of Tours, A.D. 732, Synopsis of Events between the Battle of Tours, A.D. 732, and the Battle of Hastings, A.D. 1429 CHAPTER VIII. The Battle of Hastings, 1066, Synopsis of Events between the Battle of Hastings, A.D. 1066, and Joan of Arc's Victory at Orleans, A.D. 1429. CHAPTER IX. Joan of Arc's Victory over the English at Orleans, A.D. 1429, Synopsis of Events between Joan of Arc's Victory of Orleans, A.D. 1429, and the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, A.D. 1588 CHAPTER X. Te Defeat of the Spanish Armada, A.D. 1588, Synopsis of Events between the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, A.D. 1588, and the Battle of Blenheim, A.D. 1704

CHAPTER XI: The Battle of Blenheim, A.D. 1704, Synopsis of Events between the Battle of Blenheim, A.D. 1704, and the Battle of Pultowa, 1709 A.D. CHAPTER XII: The Battle of Pultowa, A.D. 1709, Synopsis of Events between the Battle of Pultowa, A.D. 1709, at Saratoga, A.D. 1777 and the Defeat of Burgoyne at Saratoga, A.D. 1777.

Review: Pg-176: 1215 - The barons, the freeholders, the citizens, and the yeomen of England rise against the tyranny of John and his foreign favorites. They compel him to sign Magna Charta. This is the commencement of our nationality: for our history from this time forth is the history of a nationality, then complete and still in being. All English history before this period is a mere history of elements, of their collisions, and of the processes of their fusion.

The army under the Duke Wellington lost nearly 15,000 men in and wounded on this terrible day of battle. The loss of the Prussian army was nearly 7,000 more. At such a fearful price was the deliverance of Europe purchased.

AFRICA

The golden trade of the Moors: Arid nurse of lions -- Carbuncles and gold -- Romans and Garamantes -- The Tuareg -- The Arabs -- The Almoravids -- The gold of Ghana -- Mansa Musa -- Ibn Buttuta -- The Songhai -- The discovery of Guinea -- Leo Africanus -- Mulai Ahmed El-Mansur - -Taghaza -- The desert army -- The invasion of the Sudan -- The fall of Songhai -- El-Dzehebi -- Wangara -- The Niger -- Usuman Dan Fodio -- The last of the caravans

Black African empires: Africa, the birthplace of man -- Continent of contrasts -- The kingdom of Kush -- The land of gold (Ghana, the Soninke people) -- The legend of Wagadou-Bida (the downfall of Ghana) -- The murder of eleven brothers (Mali, the Mandinke people) -- Mansa Musa, the black Moses (the empire of Mali) -- An army cross the Sahara Desert (the Songhai empire) -- An aristocratic army (the empire of Bornu) -- The forest states (the Nol and Yoruba peoples and the empire of Benin) -- The land of Zanj -- The great Zimbabwe

The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide by Gary Jonathan Bass

1. The Tilt, 2. Cyclone Pakistan, 3. Mrs. Gandhi, 4. “Mute and Horrified Witnesses”, 5. The Blood Telegram, 6. The Inferno Next Door, 7. “Don’t Squeeze Yahya”, 8. Exodus, 9. India Alone, 10. The China Channel, 11. The East Is Red, 12. The Mukti Bahini, 13. “The Hell with the Damn Congress”, 14. Soviet Friends, 15. Kennedy, 16. “We Really Slobbered over the Old Witch”, 17. The Guns of November, 18. The Fourteen-Day War, 19. “I Consider This Our Rhineland”

Excerpts:

Books on Genocide in East Pakistan especially Genocide of Hindus

• Murder of History - by K.K. Aziz
• Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military - by Hussain Haqqani
• Witness to Surrender - by Siddiq Salik
• From Jinnah to Zia - by Muhammad Munir
• Diaries of Justice - by Muhammad Ibrahim
• Sheikh Mujib's 6 point Formula - by Syed Humayun
• Conflict Unending - by Sumit Ganguly
• A Tale of Millions - by Major M. Rafiqul Islam
• The Great Tragedy - by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
• Pakistan: Eye of the Storm - by Owen Benett Jones
• 1971: A People's History - by Anam Zakaria
• The Pakistan People's Party - by Philip E. Jones
• Hamood ur Rehman Commission Report and the Supplementary Report

Books on Partition of India and Pakistan

• A. Guillaume, trans., The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1967)
• A.G. Noorani, The Destruction of Hyderabad (New Delhi: Tulika Books, 2014)
• A.H. Nayyar and Ahmad Salim, The Subtle Subversion: The State of Curricula and Textbooks in Pakistan (Islamabad: Sustainable Development Policy Institute, 2004)
• Abdul Gafoor Noorani, The Trial of Bhagat Singh: Politics of Justice (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2011)
• Abdullah Malik, ed., Selected Speeches and Statements: Mian Iftikhar-ud-Din (Lahore: Nigarishat, 1971)
• Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Holy Quran (Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1982)
• Abdur Rahman I. Doi, Shariah: The Islamic Law (London: Ta-Ha Publishers, 1984)
• Abu Salman Shahjahanpuri, ed., ‘Maulana Ubaiydullah Sindhi ka Inqalabi Mansuba Ya Pehla Dasturi Khaqa’ (The First Revolutionary
• Abul Ala Maududi, Jihad in Islam (Beirut: The Holy Koran Publishing House, 2006)
• Abul Fata Mahomed Ishak and Others, Plaintiffs and Russomoy Dhur Chowdhry and Others, Defendants (1894), Law Rep. 22 Ind. Ap. 76 (P.C.)
• Abul Kalam Azad, India Wins Freedom (Lahore: Vanguard Books Pvt. Ltd, 1989)
• Adam C. English, ‘Christian Reconstruction after Y2K: Gary North, the New Millennium, and Religious Freedom, in New Religious Movement and Religious Liberty in America , ed. Derek H. Davis and Barry Hankins (Waco, Texas: Baylor University Press, 2003)
• Adhikari, Gangadhar. Pakistan and National Unity. Bombay: People’s Publishing House, 1944.
• Afifa Zarrin, ‘Jinnah’s Vision of Pakistan as a Modern Islamic State’, Ma’arif Research Journal (July–December 2013)
• Afzal, M. Rafique, ed. Speeches and Statements of the Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, 1911–34 and 1947–48 . Lahore: Research Society of Pakistan, University of the Punjab, 1966.
• Afzal, M. Rafique. A History of the All-India Muslim League, 1906 –1947. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2013.
• Agha Humayun Amin, The Pakistan Army till 1965 (Arlington, VA: Strategicus and Tacticus, 1999)
• Agreement between India and Pakistan on Minorities: Jawaharlal Nehru and Liaquat Ali Khan, Middle East Journal , Vol. IV, No. 3 (July 1950)
• Ahmad, Feroz. The Making of Modern Turkey . London/New York: Routledge, 1993
• Ahmad, Jamiluddin, ed. Speeches and Writings of Mr. Jinnah , Vol. II. Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1975
• Ahmad, Syed Nur. From Martial Law to Martial Law: Politics in the Punjab, 1919 –1958 . Translated from the Urdu by Mahmud Ali. Edited by Craig Baxter. Boulders: Westview Press, 1985
• Ahmed, Akbar S. Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin. London: Routledge, 2005
• Ahmed, Israr. Allama Iqbal, Quaid-e-Azam aur Nazariya-e-Pakistan. Lahore: Tanzim-e-Islami, 2007
• Ahmed, Viqar and Rashid Amjad. The Management of Pakistan’s Economy, 1947–82. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1984
• Ajeet Jawed, Jinnah: Secular and Nationalist (New Delhi: Faizbooks, 2005)
• Ajeet Jawed, Secular and Nationalist Jinnah (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2009)
• Ajoy Kumar Ghosh, ‘Bhagat Singh and his Comrades’, in Ajoy Kumar Ghosh: Articles and Speeches (Moscow: Publishing House for Oriental Literature, 1962)
• Akbar S. Ahmed, Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin (London: Routledge, 2005)
• Akhtar Hussain Sandhu, Punjab: An Anatomy of Muslim–Sikh Politics (Lahore: Dogar Publishers, 2014)
• Alavi, Hamza and John Harriss. Sociology of Developing Societies: South Asia. London: Macmillan, 1989
• Albert Hourani, A History of the Arab Peoples (New York: Warner Books, 1991)
• Alex von Tunzelmann, Indian Summer: The Secrete History of the End of an Empire (London: Pocket Books, 2007)
• Ali Raza, ‘The Illusory Promise of Freedom: Mian Iftikhar-ud-Din and the Movement for Pakistan’, in Muslims against the Muslim League: Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan , ed. Ali Usman Qasmi and Megan Eaton Robb (New Delhi: Cambridge University Press, 2017).
• Ali Usman Qasmi, ‘Differentiating between Pakistan and Napak-istan: Maulana Abul Ala Maududi’s Critique of the Muslim League and
• Ali Usman Qasmi, The Ahmadis and the Politics of Religious Exclusion in Pakistan (London: Anthem Press, 2015)
• Ali, Abdullah Yusuf. The Holy Quran. Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1982
• Ali, Chaudhri Muhammad. The Emergence of Pakistan. Lahore: Research Society of Pakistan, 1973
• Ali, Imran. The Punjab under Imperialism, 1885 –1947. Karachi: Oxford University, 1989
• Ali, Syed Ameer. The Spirit of Islam. New Delhi: Kitab Bhavan, 1997
• All-Parties Conference (India): Nehru Committee and Motilal Nehru, The Nehru Report: An Anti-Separatist Manifesto (New Delhi: Michiko and Panjthan, 1975)
• Allama Muhammad Iqbal, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1960)
• Allen McGrath, The Destruction of Pakistan’s Democracy (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1998)
• Allen, Charles. God’s Terrorists: The Wahhabi Cult and the Hidden Roots of Modern Jihad. London: Little Brown, 2006
• Amin, Agha Humayun. The Pakistan Army till 1965. Arlington, VA: Strategicus and Tacticus, 1999
• Amir Rana, A to Z of Jehadi Organizations in Pakistan, trans. Saba Ansari (Lahore: Mashal Books, 2004)
• Amitabha Mukherjee, ‘Genesis of the Indian National Congress’, in A Centenary History of the Indian National Congress , Volume I: 1885–1919, ed. B.N. Pande (New Delhi: All-India Congress Committee [I] and Vikas Publishing, 1985)
• Anand, Som. Lahore: Portrait of a Lost City. Lahore: Vanguard Books Ltd, 1998
• Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities. London: Verso, 1983
• Andrew Mango, Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey (New York: The Overlook Press, Peter Mayer Publishers, Inc., 2002)
• Andrew Roberts, Eminent Churchillians (London: Phoenix, 1995)
• Anis Nagi, Aik Adhuri Sarguzasht (A Story Without an End) (Lahore: Jamailaat, 1998).
• Antony Black, The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001)
• Anwar Ahmad Qadri, Islamic Jurisprudence in the Modern World (Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1981)
• Anwar Iqbal, ‘UK PM Attlee Believed Bengal May Opt to Be a Separate Country’, Dawn, 18 December 2018
• Arbab, Safoora. ‘Nonviolence, Pukhtunwali and Decolonization: Abdul Ghaffar Khan and the Kuda’i Khidmatgars’. In Muslims against the Muslim League: Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan. Edited by Ali Usman Qasmi and Megan Eaton Robb. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press, 2017
• Arnaldez, Roger. Averroes: A Rationalist in Islam. Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 2000
• Asim Kumar Chaudhuri, Socialist Movement in India: The Congress Socialist Party, 1934 –1947 (Calcutta: Progressive Publishers, 1980)
• Athena S. Leoussi and Anthony D. Smith, Encyclopaedia of Nationalism (New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2001)
• Austin, Granville. The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999
• Avtar Singh Bhasin, ed., India–Pakistan Relations, 1947–2007: A Documentary Study , Vols. I–X (New Delhi: Geetika Publishers, 2012).
• Awan, Samina. Political Islam in Colonial Punjab Majlis-e-Ahrar, 1929 –1949. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2010
• Ayesha Jalal, Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam since 1850 (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2007)
• Ayesha Jalal, The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1992)
• Azad, Maulana Abul Kalam. India Wins Freedom, Lahore: Vanguard Books, 1989
• Aziz, K.K, Muslims under Congress Rule, 1937–1939: A Documentary Record. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2007
• B.R. Ambedkar, ‘Pakistan or the Partition of of India’, in Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Writings and Speeches , Vol. 8, ed. Vasant Moon (New Delhi: Dr Ambedkar Foundation, 1990)
• B.R. Nanda, Road to Pakistan: The Life and Times of Mohammad Ali Jinnah (New Delhi: Routledge, 2014)
• Bakhsh, Ilahi. With the Quaid-i-Azam during His Last Days. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2011
• Baldev Raj Nayar, Minority Politics in the Punjab (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966).
• Bangash, Yaqoob Khan. A Princely Affair: The Accession and Integration of the Princely States of India, 1947 –1955 . Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2015
• Bapu, Prabhu. Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915 –1930 : Constructing Nation and History. London: Routledge, 2013
• Barbara D. Metcalf, ‘Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani and the Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind: Against Pakistan, against the Muslim League’, in Muslims against the Muslim League: Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan, ed. Ali Usman Qasmi and Megan Eaton Robb (New Delhi: Cambridge University Press, 2017)
• Becker, Marie Louise. The All-India Muslim League, 1946–1947. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2013
• Begum Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2006)
• Bell, Christopher M. Churchill and the Dardanelles. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017
• Beverley Nichols, Verdict on India (London: Jonathan Cape, 1944)
• Bhasin, Avtar Singh, ed. India–Pakistan Relations, 1947 –2007: A Documentary Study, Vol. I. New Delhi: Geetika Publishers, 2012.
• Bhupen Qanungo, ‘The Quit India Movement’, in A Centenary History of the Indian National Congress , Vol. III, ed. B.N. Pande (Bombay and Delhi: All-India Congress Committee [I] and Vikas Publishing, 1985)
• Bidwai, Praful, Harbans Mukhia and Achin Vanaik, ed. Religion, Religiosity and Communalism. New Delhi: Manohar, 1996
• Binder, Leonard. Religion and Politics in Pakistan. Los Angeles: University of California, 1963
• Biswas, Sukumar. Communal Riots in Bangladesh and West Bengal, 1947–1964. Kolkata: Parul, 2012
• Black, Antony. The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001
• Bolitho, Hector. Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2006
• Bourke-White, Margaret. Halfway to Freedom . New York: Simon & Schuster, 1949
• Brass, Paul. ‘The Partition of India and Retributive Genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: Means, Methods and Purposes’. Journal of Genocide Research , Vol. 5, No. 1 (2003).Burke, Edmund. Reflections on the Revolution in France . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
• Brian Cloughley, A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000).
• Burke, S.M. Jinnah: Speeches and Statements, 1947 –1948 . Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000.
• Burke, S.M., Jinnah: Speeches and Statements, 1947–1948 . Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000.
• Butalia, Urvashi. The Other Side of Silence. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 1998.
• Callard, Keith. Pakistan: A Political Study. London: Allen & Unwin, 1957.
• Carlyle, Thomas. Carlyle on Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History. Memphis: General Books, 2012.
• Carr, Edward Hallett. What Is History? New York: Penguin Random House, 1990.
• Census of India, 1941 , Vol. VI, Punjab Tables (New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press, 1941)
• Chagla, M.C. Roses in December: An Autobiography. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 2016.
• Chandra, Bipan. Communalism in Modern India. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing, 1989.
• Charles Allen, God’s Terrorists: The Wahhabi Cult and the Hidden Roots of Modern Jihad (London: Little, Brown and Company, 2006).
• Chatterji, Joya. ‘The Radcliffe Award for Bengal’. In Region and Partition: Bengal, Punjab and the Partition of the Subcontinent. Edited by Ian Talbot and Gurharpal Singh. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1999.
• Chattopadhyay, Suchetana. An Early Communist: Muzaffar Ahmad in Calcutta, 1913 –1929. New Delhi: Tulika Books, 2012.
• Chaube, Shibani Kinkar. ‘Reflections on Secularism and Communalism in Constituent Assembly Debates’. In Communalism in Postcolonial India: Changing Contours. Edited by Mujibur Rehman. New Delhi: Routledge, 2016.
• Chaudhri Muhammad Ali, The Emergence of Pakistan (Lahore: Research Society of Pakistan, 1973)
• Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman, Pathway to Pakistan (Lahore: Brothers Publishers, 2008)
• Chaudhry, Zahid. Pakistan Kaisey Banaa ? (How Was Pakistan Created?), Vols. I and II. Edited by Hassan Jafar Zaidi. Lahore: Idara Mutalaya-e-Tarikh, 2012.
• Chaudhuri, Asim Kumar. Socialist Movement in India: The Congress Socialist Party, 1934 –1947. Calcutta: Progressive Publishers, 1980.
• Chawla, Muhammad Iqbal. Wavell and the Dying Days of the Raj: Britain’s Penultimate Viceroy in India . Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2011.
• Chishti, Faiz Ali. Betrayals of Another Kind: Islam, Democracy and the Army in Pakistan. Lahore: Jang Publishers, 1996.
• Chopra, Pran. ‘The Cycle of Blunders’. In Secular Crown on Fire: The Kashmir Problem. Edited by Asghar Ali Engineer. New Delhi: Ajanta Books, 1991.
• Choudhary, S. What Is the Kashmir Problem ?. Luton: Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front, 1991.
• Christine E. Dobbin, Basic Documents in the Development of Modern India and Pakistan, 1835 –1947 (London: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1970).
• Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India (New Delhi: Penguin Books India,1996).
• Christopher M. Bell, Churchill and the Dardanelles (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017).
• Churchill, Winston Spencer. The River War , Vol. II. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1899.
• Cloughley, Brian. A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrection .Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000.
• Collett, Nigel. The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginal Dyer. London: Hambledon Continuum, 2005.
• Collins, Larry and Dominique Lapierre. Freedom at Midnight . New York: Avon Books, 1997.
• Complete Works of Rahmat Ali. Islamabad: National Commission on Historical and Cultural Research, 1978
• Copland, Ian. ‘The Master and the Maharajas: The Sikh Princes and the East Punjab Massacres of 1947’. Modern Asian Studies , Vol. 36, No. 3 (2002).
• Cragg, Kenneth. Islamic Surveys: Counsels in Contemporary Islam. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, 1965.
• Curtis, Mark. Secrete Affairs: Britain’s Collusion with Radical Islam. London: Serpent’s Tail, 2010.
• D.N. Panigrahi, India’s Partition: The Story of Imperialism in Retreat (London: Routledge, 2004)
• Daftari, Farhad. The Ismā‘īlīs: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
• Dalrymple, William. The Return of a King: The Battle for Afghanistan. London: Bloomsbury, 2013.
• Dar, Farooq Ahmad. Jinnah’s Pakistan: Formation and Challenges of a State. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2014.
• Darling, S.M. The Punjab Peasant in Prosperity and Debt. New Delhi: Manohar, 1978.
• Das, Durga. India from Curzon to Nehru and Afterwards. New Delhi: Rupa Publications, 1981.
• Das, M.N. ‘India Wins Independence’. In A Centenary History of the Indian National Congress, Vol. III: 1935–1947 . Edited by B.N. Pande. New Delhi: All-India Congress Committee (I) and Vikas Publishing, 1985.
• Das, Suranjan. Communal Riots in Bengal, 1905 –1947. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
• David Gilmartin, Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1989)
• Delhi: All-India Congress Committee (I) and Vikas Publishing, 1985. Qasmi, Ali Usman and Megan Eaton Robb, ed. Muslims against the Muslim
• Dennis Kux, The United States and Pakistan, 1947–2000: Disenchanted Allies (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).
• Devji, Faisal. The Terrorist in Search of Humanity: Militant Islam and Global Politics. London: Hurst & Company, 2008.
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• Edward Hallett Carr, What Is History? (New York: Penguin Random House, 1990)
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• English, Adam C. ‘Christian Reconstruction after Y2K: Gary North, the New Millennium, and Religious Freedom’. In New Religious Movement and Religious Liberty in America . Edited by Derek H. Davis and Barry Hankins.
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• Ishtiaq Ahmed, Ian Talbot and Gurharpal Singh, ed., ‘The 1947 Partition of Punjab: Arguments Put Forth before the Punjab Boundary Commission by the Parties Involved’, in Region and Partition: Bengal, Punjab and thePartition of the Subcontinent (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1999)
• Ishtiaq Ahmed, Pakistan: The Garrison State—Origins, Evolution, Consequences, 1947 –2011 (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2013)
• Ishtiaq Ahmed, State, Nation and Ethnicity in Contemporary South Asia (London and New York: Pinter Publishers, 1998).
• Ishtiaq Ahmed, The Concept of an Islamic State: An Analysis of the Ideological Controversy in Pakistan (London: Frances Pinter, 1987)
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• Shashi Joshi and Bhagwan Josh, Struggle for Hegemony in India, Vol. III (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2011)
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• Sukumar Biswas, Communal Riots in Bangladesh and West Bengal (1947–1964) (Kolkata: Parul, 2012).
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• Yuvraj Krishan, Partition and Pakistan—Jinnah: The Founder; British: The Architects (New Delhi: Mosaic Books, 2012).
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• Ziad Munson, ‘Islamic Mobilization: Social Movement Theory and the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood’, The Sociological Quarterly 42 (2001)
• Ziauddin Sardar, Mecca: The Sacred City (London: Bloomsbury, 2014)

Books on Sexuality

Confession and the study of sex in the middle ages / Pierre J. Payer -- Sex and canon law / James A. Brundage -- Western medicine and natural philosophy / Joan Cadden -- Gendered sexuality / Joyce E. Salisbury -- Chaste marriage in the middle ages: "it were to hire a greet merite" / Margaret McGlynn and Richard J. Moll -- Hiding behind the universal man: male sexuality in the middle ages / Jacqueline Murray --Homosexuality / Warren Johansson and William A. Percy -- Twice marginal and twice invisible: lesbians in the middle ages / Jacqueline Murray --Cross dressing and gender role change in the middle ages / Vern L. Bullough -- Prostitution in medieval Europe / Ruth Mazo Karras --Contraception and early abortion in the middle ages / John M. Riddle

Castration and eunuchism in the middle ages / Mathew S. Kuefler -- A note on research into Jewish sexuality in the medieval period / Norman Roth -- A research note on sexuality and Muslim civilization / Norman Roth -- Eastern Orthodox christianity / Eve Levin -- Sexuality in medieval French literature: "separés, on est ensemble" / Laurie A. Finke -- Old Norse sexuality: men, women, and beasts / Jenny Jochens -- Sex roles and the role of sex in medieval English literature / David Lampe

The dark angel : aspects of Victorian sexuality by Harrison, Fraser: Publication date 1977

Rules of desire : sex in Britain : World War I to the present by Haste, Cate, 1945- Publication date 1992

Books on Roman History

A history of Rome down to the reign of Constantine by Cary, M. (Max), 1881-1958 Part A. Pre-Roman Italy -- The geographical environment of Roman history -- The early inhabitants of Italy -- Greeks and Etruscans in early Italy -- Part B. The Roman conquest of Italy -- Latium and Rome -- The sources for early Roman history -- Rome in the period of the kings -- The early wars of the Republic -- The conflict of the orders. The first stage -- The Latin, Samnite and Pyrrhic Wars -- The conflict of the orders. The second stage -- The Roman state in the third century B.C. -- Part C. The conquest of the Mediterranean -- The First Punic War and the conquest of North Italy -- The Second Punic War -- The conquest of the western Mediterranean -- The Macedonian Wars -- The Roman Wars in Asia in the second century -- The government of the Roman provinces -- Domestic politics in the second century -- Roman society in the second century --

Part D. The fall of the Republic -- Tiberius and Caius Gracchus -- Marius and the new Roman army -- The Italian Wars, 91-83 B.C. -- The temporary monarchy of Cornelius Sulla -- The wars of Lucullus, Pompey and Crassus -- The fall of the restoration government -- Caesar's conquest of Gaul and the breakdown of the first triumvirate -- The rise of Caesar to supreme power -- The second triumvirate -- Roman society in the first century -- Part E. The consolidation of the Roman Empire -- The settlement of Augustus. Rome and Italy -- The Roman Empire under Augustus -- The Julio-Claudian emperors. Internal affairs -- The Roman Empire under the Julio-Claudian dynasty -- Roman society under the early Roman emperors -- The "year of the four emperors" -- The Flavian emperors -- The "give good emperors". General administration -- The "five good emperors". External affairs -- Roman society from A.D. 70 to 180 -- Commodus and the Severi -- Part F. The decline of the Roman Empire -- The crisis of the Empire in the third century -- The Roman world c. A.D. 330. Political conditions -- The Roman world c. A.D. 330. Life and thought -- The Roman Empire. Retrospect and prospect -- The Roman emperors from Augustus to Constantine -- Genealogy of the Julio-Claudian dynasty

Crucifixion in the ancient world and the folly of the message of the Cross by Hengel, Martin: Introduction : Mors turpissima crucis -- The 'folly' of the crucified Son of God -- Prometheus and Dionysus : the "crucified' and the 'crucifying' God -- Docetism as a way of removing the 'folly' of the cross -- Crucifixion as a 'barbaric' form of execution of the utmost cruelty -- Crucifixion as the supreme Roman penalty -- Crucifixion and Roman citizens -- Crucifixion as a penalty for rebellious foreigners, violent criminals and robbers -- The 'slaves' punishment -- The crucified national martyr and metaphorical and philosophical terminology -- Crucifixion in the Greek-speaking world -- Crucifixion among the Jews -- Summary